雄安新区白洋淀生态属性辨析及生态修复保护研究

湿地是自然界生物多样性最丰富的生态系统之一,与社会发展和人类福祉息息相关。近年来,由于全球气候变化和人类活动的过度干扰,湿地正面临着面积萎缩、功能减弱、多样性降低等诸多问题,湿地退化已经成为制约区域可持续性发展的重大阻碍。伴随着生态文明建设逐渐成为中国特色社会主义建设的重要支柱,湿地生态修复工作得到前所未有的制度保障。深入剖析湿地属性,结合政策保障,有针对性的提出湿地保护与修复的治理措施,对区域的生态环境建设和可持续性发展具有重要意义。选择国家级新区-雄安新区的水命脉-白洋淀湿地为研究对象,在深入剖析其生态属性和已存在的生态问题的基础上,结合生态修复的原则、方法和步骤,提出生态修复与保护的可行性策略。研究结果表明,白洋淀本质是典型的湖泊湿地,同时兼具沼泽湿地特征,由于人类活动的剧烈干扰,白洋淀有向沼泽湿地逆向演替的变化趋势。湿地内存在面积萎缩、水资源量短缺、水环境污染问题突出及生物多样性减少等生态问题。本研究建议:为顺利建设雄安新区,首先,白洋淀湿地在算清"水账"、"污账"和"生态账"的前提下,进一步加强流域水资源调配,科学确定白洋淀湿地最佳水位,恢复淀区水量;其次,通过使用清洁生产技术和限制高排污企业建设等措施,加强污染防治,恢复湿地水质;最后,依据生态承载力理论,划分白洋淀流域的生态功能红线、环境质量红线和资源利用红线等国家生态保护红线体系,为尽快恢复湿地结构与功能提供制度保障。

Ecological attributes, restoration, and protection of the Baiyangdian in Xiong'an New Area

Wetlands, with the richest biodiversity among the different ecosystems, have a significant relationship with social development and human welfare. Of late, wetland ecosystems have been facing area shrinking, function degradation, and biodiversity decrease due to global climate change and interruption by heavy human activities. More than half the wetlands in China have disappeared since the 20^th century. Additionally, area shrinkage is a serious threat for the Chinese government. The latest national wetland survey in 2014 revealed that the wetland area had decreased by 34 thousand km² compared with the survey from 2003 Almost 99% of this area was natural wetland. As a result, wetland degradation has been a major obstacle that restricts sustainable development in many ecologically sensitive regions. Since ecological civilization has been a key component of the Chinese socialism construction, wetland protection and restoration become a hot topic in the field of nature conservation. In 2016, the General Office of State Council promulgated "The scheme of wetland protection and restoration". This document requires an increase of the wetland area by 0.534 million km² by 2020. Of this, more than 0.467 million km² should originate from natural wetlands. Thus, the wetland protection rate should be raised by 50%. Because of the different characteristics and complexities of the ecological structure and function, the strategies for wetland protection and restoration will also be different. Therefore, attribute analysis of wetland ecosystems is the first and most necessary step to formulate effective measures to protect and restore wetlands. In this study, Baiyangdian, the key water body of the Xiong''an New Area, was selected as the study area. First, the ecological attributes and existing ecological problems of Baiyangdian were analyzed. Subsequently, the important issues for restoring the degraded wetland ecosystems with the principles, methods, and procedures of ecological restoration were discussed. The results revealed that while Baiyangdian has the typical characteristics of lake wetlands in terms of its landscape attributes, it also has a few characteristics of swamp wetlands. Due to intense human activities, a trend of reverse succession, from a lake-to swamp-type ecosystem, has been noticed. Baiyangdian faces four major environment problems:sharp water area shrinking, serious water scarcity, heavy water pollution, and rapid biodiversity losses. To successfully advance the construction of Xiong''an New Area, firstly, the water balance accounting, pollutant accounting, and ecosystem service accounting for the Baiyangdian Basin, needs to be conducted and analyzed. Based on this accounting, the optimization of the allocation of water resources is required. This will help ascertain suitable water table levels and guarantee a sufficient quantity of water in Baiyangdian and provide a necessary ecological foundation for the construction of the Xiong''an New Area. Secondly, high-polluting industries need to be strictly controlled, and clean production technology should be encouraged to reduce the discharge of water pollutants. Various technologies, such as sediment dredging, ecological floating beds, artificial floating islands, and biofilm technology, should be introduced to remove endogenous pollutants. Additionally, wetland vegetation sewage treatment plants should be constructed to enhance the water quality. Furthermore, based on the theory of ecological carrying capacity, local governments should formulate an ecological function redline, an environmental quality redline, and a resource utilization redline. These redlines will be used to ensure that Baiyangdian not only meets the basic needs of economic and social development but also does not exceed the upper threshold of the ecological carrying capacity.