城市绿地可达性和居民福祉关系研究综述

城市绿地为居民提供了丰富的生态系统服务,有助于提高居民的生活质量,促进居民身心健康,因此对居民人类福祉和城市可持续性具有重要意义。对国内外围绕绿地可达性及其与居民福祉的关系开展的研究进行了梳理和归纳,总结了绿地可达性的常用计算方法,梳理了绿地可达性与居民使用绿地、居民健康以及居民社会经济水平的关系研究,归纳了绿地供给和居民需求评价研究。综述发现,绿地可达性估算的主要方法包括行政或统计单元计算法、最小邻近距离法、服务区法和引力模型法;绿地可达性对居民健康的正面影响已得到广泛证实;但是在多数城市中绿地在空间上(尤其是城区-郊区梯度上)的分布都存在较大差异;一些研究发现社会经济水平低的居民绿地可达性更低,但这种关系在其他地区不一定成立。对未来的绿地可达性相关研究方向进行了展望,包括:更全面地量化绿地内部生物多样性、景观格局等特征,并分析其对居民福祉的影响;对公园以外其他类型的绿地与健康以外的人类福祉的关系进行更广泛的探讨,并在不同地区开展实证研究,以便对比不同社会经济文化背景下,绿地与居民福祉关系的差异;进一步开展基于多时相绿地格局和人群队列的纵向研究,探讨绿地与居民福祉的动态关系,以及社会经济过程对其的影响,从而更好地服务于城市规划和管理。

Review of the relationship between urban greenspace accessibility and human well-being

Urban greenspace (UGS) provides residents with various ecosystem services, which contribute to improving the quality of life and health of urban residents. Therefore, UGS plays an important role in urban livability and sustainability. We reviewed studies of UGS accessibility and the effects of UGS on the well-being of urban residents, focusing on the methods for evaluating UGS accessibility, major findings on the relationship between UGS accessibility and residents'' PGS use, health, and socioeconomic status, and evaluations of greenspace provisioning in terms of meeting the demand of residents. We found that the major approaches for estimating UGS accessibility include methods based on administrative or census units, distance to the nearest UGS, service area, and gravity-based models. Numerous studies have confirmed the positive relations between accessibility of UGS and its use by residents and its effect on human health. However, the spatial distributions of UGS across a city, especially the urban-suburban gradient, are often uneven. Some studies have found that socioeconomically disadvantaged residents have a lower UGS accessibility, but this finding does not necessarily hold true across the world. We then put forward several suggestions to improve these studies. Future research should quantify the characteristics of UGS, including biodiversity and landscape patterns, and investigate the effects of these factors on the well-being of residents. Studies should include other types of UGS besides parks, and other aspects of human well-being besides health. Numerous case studies should be undertaken in different regions and at different scales to enable comparisons between different socioeconomic and cultural context. Longitudinal studies based on multi-temporal UGS patterns and cohort studies witll provide insights into the dynamic relationship between UGS and the well-being of residents. Furthermore, such studies will clarify how socioeconomic processes affect this relationship, which will support urban planning and management.