滩涂作业对上海崇明东滩自然保护区的影响评价

2005年3～5月对崇明东滩及周边社区进行了多次社会经济情况调查,从这些调查中获取了目前东滩关于滩涂利用方式、社会经济情况、现有社区管理模式及周边社区对崇明东滩的依赖程度等本底资料。研究表明,崇明东滩及周边社区的本地居民对滩涂的依赖性很低:在总计3364的滩涂作业人员中,崇明当地人仅占6%,他们获得的经济收入也仅占滩涂作业总收入的15%,绝大多数居民家庭经济收入与东滩关系不大。然而,滩涂作业时间及区域与东滩鸟类活动有重叠,且滩涂作业人数众多,对东滩鸟类影响很大。这种影响主要体现在破坏鸟类栖息地和减少鸟类食物来源,最终影响到鸟类的生存。因而通过对比候鸟在东滩活动的时间生态位与滩涂作业时间及收入情况,提出有效管理与合理利用崇明东滩鸟类自然保护区资源的建议。考虑到滩涂作业中存在的"转包"现象使得大部分经济收益被少数人非法获取,因此建议,在崇明东滩应当鼓励开发周边社区产业,比如培育观鸟业,可让渔民尤其是外来人员由渔业捕捞向观鸟业过渡,从而可以实现滩涂利用方式由第一产业向第三产业转换;在转换过程中,应该调整滩涂的季节性作业格局,并依据市场经济体系的要求,制定相关的保护及利用政策。

To evaluate the impact of economic activities on the mudflats of Chongming Dongtan Birds Nature Reserve, Shanghai

Several socioeconomic investigations were carried out around Dongtan of Chongming Island from March to May in 2005.The investigation focused on understanding the background data such as tidelands utilization,socioeconomic conditions,wetlands ecosystem management,and the dependence degree of surrounding residents on it.According to our study,the indigenous residents of Dongtan depends less on the tidelands.Among 3364 people who work on the tidelands,only 6% are indigenes and their benefits from tidelands work account for only 15% of their total earning.The incomes of a family rarely associate with the tidelands and therefore the economic activities on tidelands have little contribution to GDP of Dongtan area.However,it should be mentioned that a great number of people work on the tidelands obviously interfere with the habitats of migrants because these economic activities on the tidelands conflict with the birds' activities spatiotemporally.Thus,unrestrained tidelands utilization inevitably leads to the competition for habitat between birds and the people,or even destroys the habitat of the birds and reduces their food resources.Therefore,based on the comparison among temporal niche of migrants,the timing of various economic activities,and the economic benefits from the activity,some suggestions concerning effective management and rational utilization on tidelands of Dongtan were proposed in this study.For example,we argue to develop regional industry potential,such as bird-watching,to allow people especially non-indigenes to change their conservative earning patterns.Further,with the sustainable development of bird-watching,it may also transform the traditional tidelands utilization patterns into service industry.In the transformation,we recommend to adjust the seasonal patterns of economic activities on tidelands,and to develop more practicable wetlands conservation and utilization policies matching the requirements of market economy system.