晋、陕、宁、蒙柠条锦鸡儿群落物种多样性对放牧干扰和气象因子的响应

根据晋、陕、宁、蒙地区13个样地的野外调查资料，采用丰富度指数、物种多样性指数以及均匀度指数，研究了柠条锦鸡儿群落物种多样性对放牧干扰和气象因子的响应。结果表明：（1）晋、陕、宁、蒙地区柠条锦鸡儿群落组成成分简单，共记录种子植物111种，分属25科，64属，灌木层优势种为柠条锦鸡儿，草本层优势种集中于禾本科、豆科、菊科蒿属和藜科；（2）受人为干扰、土壤和气候等影响，群落的组成、结构及其综合性质具有一定差异性，主要表现在群落的Patrick指数与Simpson指数、Shannon-wiener指数出现较大的波动，且波动趋势基本一致，Pielou指数表现较为稳定；（3）放牧干扰强度与群落Simpson指数、Shannon-wiener指数呈极显著相关（P＜0.01），与Patrick指数、Pielou指数呈显著相关（P＜0.05），群落丰富度随放牧干扰强度的增大而下降，群落多样性和均匀度指数在D2和D3时呈现峰值，表明适度干扰可以提高群落物种多样性和均匀度；（4）Patrick指数、Simpson指数和Shannon-wiener指数均与年均降水量呈极显著正相关(P＜0.01)，与相对湿度呈显著正相关（P＜0.05），共同体现了水分条件是制约柠条锦鸡儿群落物种多样性的决定性因子。

Response of species diversity in Caragana Korshinskii communities to climate factors and grazing disturbance in Shanxi, Shaanxi, Ningxia and Inner Mongolia

Caragana korshinskii is a leguminous perennial deciduous shrub species commonly found in arid, semi-arid lands in the loess plateau in northwestern China. This speices maintained the vigorous capacity of reproduction, regeneration and drought-resistance, good for soil conservation against wind-erosion and desertification. C. korshinskii is also an excellent forage and medicinal plant with high economic values and industrial usage. This study examined indices of richness, diversity and evenness to study the response of species diversity in C. korshinskii communities to climate factors and grazing disturbance in Shanxi, Shaanxi, Ningxia and Inner Mongolia. The results showed that: (1) The species composition of community were found simple and less diversified. There were 111 angiosperm speices in 64 genera of 25 families, C. korshinskii were dominant species of scrub layer; and main species of herb layer included Compositae, Leguminosae, Chenopodiaceae and Gramineae. All of them were annual, xerophyte and super xerophytic plants, which showed drought resistance of C. korshinskii communities. In the scrub layer of forest steppe, there were many other species coexisting with C. korshinskii. Comparing with forest steppe and typical steppe, Chenopodiaceae species were more commonly in desert steppe; (2) In response to anthropogenic activities, as well as soil and climate factors, the Patrick index, Simpson index and Shannon-Wiener index all fluctuated at large scale, but along the similar trend. Generally, richness index and diversity index in Shanxi and Shaanxi were higher than in Ningxia and Inner Mongolia, while the Pielou index remained stable; And (3) according to the distance between samples of C. korshinskii communities and residence, grazing intensity were divided into 4 grades,including D4, D3, D2 and D1 as the order from strong to the weak. Grazing intensity was found significantly correlated to Simpson index(P<0.01) and Shannon-Wiener or Patrick index and Pielou index(P<0.05). The species richness in the communities gradually decreased with the aggravating of grazing intensity. The indices of species diversity index and evenness peaked at D2 and D3, suggesting that moderate disturbance would enhance biodiversity and evenness; (4) Significant positive correlations were observed in Patrick index, Simpson index and Shannon-Wiener index to annual precipitation(P<0.01)and annual relative humidity(P<0.05). Fluctuations of annual precipitation and annual relative humidity along the similar trend, showing the dominant role of water content in determining the plant diversity in C. korshinskii communities. Annual precipitation was more than 400 mm in Shanxi and Shaanxi, richness index and diversity index of communities were high, and perennial plants were in the ascendant. However, in Inner Mongolia, annual precipitation was lower and rainfall focused on July and August, causing richness index and diversity index declined and annual plants were common species. Annual relative humidity was the lowest in Yanchi of Ningxia of all the samples, where annual precipitation was 6-7 times as high as evaporation, unsuitable to the existence of many species. In natural environment, community diversity is a long-term evolution process where species become adapting to local conditions. Meanwhile, species diversity maintains very close relationship with biotic and abiotic factors including human activities, resulting in comprehensive effects and increases the uncertainty in the research on the dynamics of community diversity. Overall, this paper demonstrated water condition and grazing intensity as the main factors to affecting biodiversity of C. korshinskii communities.