基于多角度基尼系数的江西省资源环境公平性研究

资源环境基尼系数是衡量和评价资源消耗、污染物排放在各个城市或地区间的公平性与合理性的有效途径。对基于GDP(gross domestic product)、人口、国土面积等角度推算的资源环境基尼系数方法的优劣性进行了评价,提出了"生态负荷系数"的概念,界定了"生态容量"的概念与内容,并从GDP、人口和生态容量的角度出发,以江西省11地市作为评价对象,选取2009年能源消耗、水资源消耗、COD(chemical oxygen demand)排放及SO2排放等4个评价因子,构建了江西省资源环境基尼系数、生态负荷系数的计算与评价方法,并对计算结果进行了对比分析。结果表明:(1)不同角度计算的基尼系数不尽相同,从生态负荷系数来看,在江西11个城市中,南昌、鹰潭、萍乡、景德镇、新余等经济发达城市是引起能源消耗、SO2排放主要的不公平因子,是需要转变经济发展模式的城市,更须注重经济与环境的协调发展;(2)从生态容量的角度推算的资源环境基尼系数普遍高于从GDP和人口角度推算的资源环境基尼系数,且都高于"警戒线";(3)从理论上看,基于生态容量角度的资源环境基尼系数比基于GDP和人口角度的资源环境基尼系数更为科学与合理。文章最后讨论了不同角度的资源环境基尼系数及生态负荷系数的科学性与合理性的问题。

Study on the fairness of resource-environment system of Jiangxi Province based on different methods of Gini coefficient

Evaluation of the fairness and rationality of the resource consumption and pollutants released among cities and regions is a difficult problem in the world. The resource-environment Gini coefficient (G_re) is the effective route of balancing and evaluating the fairness and rationality. In this paper, the Gini coefficient was applied to evaluate the contribution from total pollutants released, the rationality and fairness of resource consumed and wastes discharged. The paper aims to provide some guides and information for regional sustainable development and related environmental research areas. The superiorities and inferiorities of the resource-environment Gini coefficient based on GDP, regional population and land area were briefly analyzed and evaluated. The concept of ecological burden coefficient (EBC) was established and the concepts and contents of ecosystem capability were defined. From the aspects of GDP, regional population and ecosystem capability, the Gini coefficient and EBC used to evaluate the unfairness of resources consumption and waste discharges among different cities and regions was established; and the evaluation factors such as energy consumption, fresh water consumption, COD discharges and SO₂ emissions from 11 regions of Jiangxi Province of China in 2009 were chosen to test the evaluation system. The results showed that: (1) The Gini coefficients of energy consumption, fresh water consumption, COD discharges and SO₂ emissions from the GDP, regional population and ecosystem capability were different. According to the EBC, the developed cities such as Nanchang, Yingtan, Pingxiang, Jingdezhen and Xinyu were the major factors impacting fairness; (2) All Resource-environment Gini Coefficients based on the ecosystem capability were higher than those which based on GDP and regional population and the results were consistent from both the resource-environment gini Coefficient based on water resource and the coefficient from ecosystem capability; (3) Theoretically speaking, the Resource-environment Gini Coefficient based on the ecosystem capability was more scientifically reasonable than the methods of G_re based on GDP and regional population. Discussions from different aspects about the scientificity and rationality of G_re and EBC were provided in this paper.