人工巢箱条件下两种山雀鸟类的同域共存机制

种间竞争会导致鸟类对自身的生存策略进行多方面调整,将多种因素结合起来分析不同鸟类的同域共存机制具有十分重要的意义.2009-2011年的3-7月,在辽宁省东部山区以悬挂人工巢箱的方法招引杂色山雀(Parus varius)和大山雀(Parus major),通过比较这两种鸟类在繁殖时间、繁殖参数和巢址选择上的差异,分析其繁殖期的栖息地选择及繁殖对策,探讨这两种鸟类同域共存的机制.结果表明,生态位的部分分离是大山雀和杂色山雀能够长期共存的基础.两者都是在繁殖期到来立即开始繁殖,均出现两次繁殖高峰,采用消减窝卵数的对策来适应环境质量的下降.对繁殖参数的分析表明,两种鸟类的繁殖对策都为k-选择,但大山雀略偏向r端,大山雀倾向高窝卵数、低繁殖成功率的繁殖策略；杂色山雀倾向低窝卵数、高繁殖成功率的繁殖策略.两种鸟类都选择在林龄较长的森林中筑巢,但是大山雀较注重巢址的安全性能,巢距地面较高,周围乔木密集；杂色山雀较为注重植被类型的选择,巢址多选择在植被多样、灌木生长茂盛的针阔混交林中,推测可能与杂色山雀的食物构成有关.

Coexistence mechanism of two species passerines in man-made nest boxes

Birds adjust their survival strategies in the face of interspecific competition. Integrative analysis is important for understanding the main factors accounting for coexistence mechanism of different species. Parus major and Parus varius are long-term coexistence avian species in eastern mountainous area of Liaoning province. However, we still know little about the mechanism accounting for their coexistence. During March to July in each year from 2009 to 2011, we attracted both species with artificial nest boxes. With the aim to reveal the mechanism of their coexistence, we analyze the breeding habitat selection and reproduction strategy for both species.The results showed that niche separation was the underlying mechanism for the long-term coexistence. Both of those two species immediately started to breed when breeding season arrival. Both of them showed two breeding peaks in each year. When environmental quality was poor, they chose brood reduction strategy in order to improve reproductive success. The breeding strategies for those two species belonged to k-choice, with that of Parus major was slightly close to r. Parus major had high egg number but low reproductive success, whereas Parus varius had low nest egg number and high reproductive success.Based on step discriminant analysis, we found that the average height of trees, nest height from ground, and tree abundance were important factors accounting for nest site selection of Parus major. For Parus varius, the average height of trees, vegetation types, and the average height of shrubs were important factors. Comparing the nest site selection activities of those two species, they both like their nest boxes in old forest and have some angle and vegetation around growth lush. Parus major often paid more attention to the safety performance of their nest sites as indicated by the fact that their nest sites were usually apart from the ground. In contrast, Parus varius usually located their nest sites in mixed wood, which may be closely related to its food structure.