道路生态学研究进展

“道路生态学”是当代景观生态学的最新研究领域。重点探讨道路生态学和生态道路网的研究进展。从景观生态学的点效应、廊道效应和边际效应出发 ,引入景观生态网络的概念 ,即由点、线、网按照一定等级结构、功能分工和空间秩序组合成的生态网络体系 ,其中道路网和水网是最主要的表现形态。根据网络理论构造网络结构影响度模型 ,在 GIS和 RS的支持下 ,通过对北京局部地区道路网动态模拟的分析表明 ,道路网对其他景观的影响是通过点效应、廊道效应、点 -廊道 -网络叠加效应共同作用的结果 ,这种影响与道路网络密度和道路影响带的范围成正比。因此 ,为了最大限度减少道路网对自然生态系统的干扰与破环 ,提出生态道路网络建设的 8点建议

Perspective of road ecology development

Road ecology, representing a new frontier of landscape ecology and just emerging in recent years, has both opportunities and challenges for landscape ecologists. Based on reviewing former research literature,this paper tried to explore a landscape eco network theory in detail to find a framework of eco road network construction. Road networks crossing landscape, yet except for their social and economical benefits, divide natural landscape into pieces, alter landscape spatial patterns, destroy wildlife habitats, interrupt horizontal ecological flows, completely change layer's structures of soils in roadbeds, spread out contaminants and noise through total networks, and therefore disturber or inhibit balance of natural ecosystems. This situation become more serious associated with extending road effect zones, which are usually much greater than the coverage areas of road networks. The structure of road effect zone can be further divided into node effect zone, corridor effect zone, node corridor effect zone, and therefore net effect zone based on a landscape eco network theory. The theory views a landscape ecosystem as a complex network system constructed with physical, economical and social networks. Both road networks and stream networks belong to physical networks for them constructed between natural and artificial networks, designed for carrying ecological flows among functional units of landscape, and still most often observed as major conspicuous objects in landscape. Original stream networks have been constructed by natural ecosystem for carrying ecological flows efficiently,but after road networks interrupt them and create sections with various road stream crossings and effect zones,the functions of stream networks have been partially or totally altered. One of the pilot projects chosen for this study was a process of urban landscape altering agriculture landscape associated with several small natural patches along the section of Jing Chang Highway in Beijing. Supported by Geographic Information System (GIS) and Remote Sensing (RS) techniques, three images of urban landscape structure were identified in the periods of 1975,1985 and 2000. The result demonstrated, after overly of the images, there were only small node effects on both sides of corridor section, Qinghe and Shahe, and almost no visual landscape indicated corridor effect along the section in 1975. Ten years later in 1985, node effects performed much stronger than that of before, especially on Qinghe site for it is closer to the central area of Beijing, and on the other hand several urban landscape patches connected with the corridor section indicated an increasing corridor effects. Those corridor effects could be observed from continuous growing urban patches along the section and almost connected each other in 2000. Therefore, this trend may lead to the result of complete dividing agriculture landscape in the study area. This process was further explained with several hypothesis maps and an effect indicator model originally innovated from the network theory. The final results show us road network effect zones associated with nodes, corridors and nets are positively increasing with road network densities. However, this primary study was only a small context of road ecology discipline and there are still remain a lot of areas to be explored, such as roadside ecosystem conservation, road eco engineering construction, road eco economic assessment, road eco design, road eco network theory, road pollution prevention, or even more, likely eco road network policy, planning, assessment and construction. Finally, 8 proposals related to the eco road network construction were presented.