中国自然保护地体系分类研究

建设自然保护地体系是为子孙后代保留生物多样性资源与自然遗产最有效的途径。自1956年我国建立第一个自然保护区以来，已建设形成覆盖森林、草地、湿地、海洋、荒漠各类生态系统，珍稀濒危动植物物种和种质资源，自然遗迹和自然景观，以及水源保护等各类自然保护地。但由于缺乏自然保护地体系的顶层设计，各类保护地面临功能区分不清晰、空间重叠、管理成效不高等问题。建设以国家公园为主体的自然保护地体系的部署，为理顺我国保护地体系，明确各类保护地的功能定位提供了难得的机会。在分析我国现有自然保护地类型，并参考国际自然保护地体系分类经验的基础上，探讨了我国保护地体系分类，建议将我国自然保护地分为5大类，第I类为自然保护区，第Ⅱ类为国家公园，第Ⅲ类为自然公园，第Ⅳ类为物种与种质资源保护区，第Ⅴ类为生态功能保护区，并分析了各类自然保护地的功能定位和管理目标，以期为自然保护地体系规划建设提供参考。完善我国自然保护地体系分类，根据各类保护地的特点，创新保护地建设政策与机制，加大政府对自然保护地建设力度的同时，发挥全社会力量建设自然保护地，我国自然保护地建设将大有可为。

Research on China's protected area system classification

Protected areas are the most effective way to preserve biodiversity and natural heritages for future generations. Since the establishment of the first nature reserve in 1956, numerous protected areas have been established in China, covering forests, grasslands, wetlands, deserts, and marine ecosystems, as well as rare and endangered species and germplasm resources, geological relics, natural landscapes, and important water sources. However, there are still many problems due to the lack of a nationally integrated design, indistinct functional identifications, spatial overlapping among different types of protected areas, and the quantity and spatial allocation of protected areas fall short of meeting the needs of biodiversity conservation and the provisioning of ecosystem services. This situation has resulted in low levels of management effectiveness. At the same time, it provides a valuable opportunity to streamline the existing protected area system and identify different protected area functional orientations, all under government deployment, with national parks as the main framework. Based on analyses of existing protected area types in China, like nature reserve, scenic spot, forest park, wetland park, geo park, desert park, aquatic germplasm resource reserve, etc.; and with reference to protected area system classification experiences from the rest of the world, including United States of America, United Kingdom, Canada, France, Brazil, etc. This paper discusses China''s protected area system classification and proposes five categories of protected areas: Category I is nature reserve, including ecosystem reserve, species reserve, and nature relic reserve; Category II is national park; Category III is nature park, including forest park, wetland park, grassland park, desert park, marine park, geo park, scenic spot, and water park; Category IV is germplasm resource reserve, including crop germplasm resource, and aquatic germplasm resource reserve; Category V is ecological function reserve, including water source reserve, national non-commercial forest, other eco-redline areas, cultural forest, and holy mountain and lake, etc. This paper also analyzes the functional orientations and management targets of these protected area categories and provides foundations for future planning of the country''s protected area system. For key protection objects, nature reserve are rare and endangered species and germplasm resources, representative ecosystems, and natural relics; national park are rare and endangered species and germplasm resources, representative ecosystems, natural landscapes, and ecosystem services; nature park are representative ecosystems, natural relics, natural landscapes, and ecosystem services; germplasm resource reserve is rare and endangered species and germplasm resources; and ecological function reserve is ecosystem services. The development of China''s system will greatly improve the classification of protected areas, create new policies and mechanisms based on their various characteristics, strengthen government management and investment, and promote a whole-of-society strength to protected area development.