云南拉沙山黑白仰鼻猴对种子传播潜力的评估

灵长类是森林生态系统中植物种子的主要传播者，有助于森林植被的更新，然而受研究方法的限制，灵长类种子传播潜力常被低估。为全面评估温带灵长类动物的种子传播潜力，采用直接观察法和粪便分析法评估珍稀濒危灵长类动物黑白仰鼻猴的种子传播潜力。于2018年11月—2019年10月采用直接观察法(瞬时扫描取样法)收集云岭省级自然保护区拉沙山黑白仰鼻猴的活动时间分配数据，获取每月取食果实的比例；同时每月收集黑白仰鼻猴的粪便，采用粪便分析法分拣猴粪中残留的植物种子，统计有完整种子残留的月份和粪便比例，应用这两种方法评估黑白仰鼻猴种子传播潜力及其差异。结果表明：直接观察法收集到黑白仰鼻猴取食果实的月份数为6个月(7—12月),月均取食果实的比例为(15.31±20.15)%,共取食13种果实；而粪便分析法发现黑白仰鼻猴粪粒内全年都有完整种子残留，粪便中月均完整种子残留比例(35.19±35.43)%,其中9月至第二年1月粪便中种子残留比例都大于50%,共取食18种果实；综合两种方法发现云南拉沙山黑白仰鼻猴共取食20种植物果实，具有较高的种子传播潜力。直接观察法可确定黑白仰鼻猴取食果实的物种数，而粪便分析法能...

Evaluation of the seed dispersal ability of Rhinopithecus bieti in M. Lasha, Yunnan

Primates are a main disperser of plant seeds in forest ecosystem, which contribute to the regeneration of forest vegetation. However, due to the limitation of research methods, the potential of primates seed dissemination are often underestimated. In order to fully understand the seed dispersal ability of primates in temperature forest, we evaluated the seed dispersal ability of a rare and endangered primate species black-and-white snub-nosed monkeys (Rhinopithecus bieti) using two methods. We used direct observation method (instantaneous scanning sampling method) to collect the activity time budget data of R. bieti in Mt. Lasha within Yunling Provincial Nature Reserve, Yunnan, China from Nov., 2018 to Oct., 2019, and counted percentage of time spent on fruits by month. At the same time, we collected the feces of R. bieti and sorted out plant seeds in feces, and counted percentage of feces with seed residues each month. Then we evaluated seed dispersal ability of R. bieti of the above two methods and their differences. Our results found that the number of months of fruit feeding by R. bieti was 6 months (Jul.-Dec.) according to direct observation method, with an average time spent on fruits was (15.31±20.15)%, and a total 13 species of fruits were eaten. However, fecal analysis method showed that seed residue in feces of R. bieti were detected throughout the year, and the average percentage of feces with seed residue was (35.19±35.43)%, of which the percentage of seed residues in feces was more than 50%, and a total of 18 species of fruits were eaten, from September to January of the following year. Based on the two methods, the R. bieti fed total 20 plant species of fruits in Mt. Lasha, indicated that R. bieti had a high ability of seed dispersal. The direct observation method could determine the number of species of fruits consumed by R. bieti, while the fecal analysis method could reflect the number of species and number of seeds that dispersed by R. bieti. We also found that R. bieti ate fruits all year round, which increased the understanding of the fruit sex ratio and the month of seed dispersal of R. bieti. Therefore, our study suggested that we can comprehensively evaluate the seed dispersal ability of R. bieti and other primate species by combination of two methods, which will be benefit to evaluate their effectiveness in plant seed dispersal and their contribution to forest ecosystem regeneration, and provided a new perspective of understanding that primates could promote the ability of forest ecosystem regeneration through seed dispersal.