青藏高原生态屏障区环境基本公共服务的非均衡性及其成因——基于青海村镇居民点的实证分析

环境基本公共服务是青藏高原生态屏障区生态环境治理及农牧民人居环境品质提升的关键环节，揭示其配置均衡状态及失效原因，对提升青藏高原环境基本公共服务均等化水平、降低生态屏障区内人类活动的生态环境胁迫风险具有重要意义。以青海省4315个村镇居民点为对象，选取生活垃圾处理、生活污水处理、卫生户厕改造3项特征指标，定量测度村镇环境基本公共服务配置非均衡性，运用有序多分类及二元逻辑斯蒂回归模型解析非均衡性的生成原因。结果显示：青海环境基本公共服务水平总体偏低，处于低和极低等级的村镇居民点占37.13%和37.84%;环境基本公共服务非均衡性受配置成本、人口社会、经济收入和基层管理因素的多重影响，自然地理的高寒性和交通区位的偏远性是生成非均衡性的重要因素；人口社会因素的规模报酬递增效应使非均衡性加剧，大分散、小聚居的农牧民定居点通常是服务配置的弱势区域，经济收入和基层管理因素分别是非均衡性加剧的内因和外因。建议在青藏高原生态屏障区实施递进式均衡配置模式及适应性管理，建立就地消纳与跨区处理结合的弹性生活垃圾处置体系，推广耐低温分散化污水处置模式和生态化处置技术体系，适应高寒环境的户厕改造技术研发和农牧...

Disequilibrium and its causes on the environmental basic public services in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau ecological barrier zone: An empirical analysis of the villages in Qinghai Province

The environmental basic public services are key to the governance of the ecological environment in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau ecological barrier zone and improvement of the living environment of farmers and herdsmen. Hence, the research into the disequilibrium and its causes on the environmental basic public services has a pivotal role in the equalization of environmental basic public services and alleviating the environmental stress risks of human activities in the ecological barrier zone on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. This paper proposed a method to quantitatively measure the disequilibrium on the environmental basic public services at the village scale by selecting three characteristic indicators:domestic waste treatment, domestic sewage treatment, and sanitary toilet renovation, taking 4315 villages in Qinghai Province as an example. Further, the causes of disequilibrium were diagnosed by the ordinal logistic regression model and binary logistic regression model. The results show that:the level of environmental basic public services was generally low in Qinghai Province, with 37.13% and 37.84% of villages at low or extremely low levels. The allocation rates of domestic waste treatment, domestic sewage treatment, and sanitary toilet renovation were 47.76%, 11.05% and 34.74% respectively, of which the unbalanced allocation of domestic sewage treatment facilities was the most prominent and was the primary indicator limiting the equalization of basic public services for the environment in village and town settlements. The disequilibrium on the environmental basic public services was attributed to multiple factors such as cost, population and society, economy, and management. Alpine environment and transportation location were important factors leading to disequilibrium. Moreover, the disequilibrium was exacerbated by the returns to scale effect of population and society factors. As a result, settlements of farmers and herdsmen, featuring dispersed at large scale and clustered at small scale, usually belonged to low level of environmental basic public services. Furthermore, economy and management were respectively endogenous and the external factors that contributed to the deepening of disequilibrium. The main policy implications are as follows. It is recommended to adopt a progressive equilibrium allocation model in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau ecological barrier zone and implement adaptive management of environmental risks. In addition, greater efforts are needed to establish a flexible domestic waste treatment system that combines elimination on the spot with cross-region treatment, promote the ecological disposal technology systems and decentralized domestic sewage treatment models that are low temperature resistant, and pay equal attention to the development of toilet renovation technology adapted to the alpine environment and enhancement of environmental ethics education on farmers and herdsmen.