张掖国家湿地公园优势鸟类种群生态位研究

鸟类时空格局影响下鸟类种群生态位的变化是认识鸟类环境适应机制的理论基础。在张掖国家湿地公园保育区,采用样带法研究了冬春季节5种优势鸟类种群生态位宽度和生态位重叠的时间异质性。结果表明:随着月份的更替,5种优势鸟类种群的生态位宽度呈现出先增大后减小的变化趋势,赤麻鸭(Tadornaferruginea)、绿头鸭(Anasplatyrhynchos)、麻雀(Passer montanus)、白骨顶鸡(Fulicaatra)的最高值出现在1月分别为1.601、1.415、1.627、1.771,大白鹭(Ardea alba)的最高值出现在3月为0.556;不同月份间鸟类优势种群生态位重叠存在差异,3月、11月生态位的重叠值最大,1月份最小;优势鸟类种群的生态位宽度和重叠在时间尺度上表现出"此消彼长"的关系。湿地公园时间尺度上的鸟类生态位宽度和重叠的差异与湿地食物资源及隐蔽条件、鸟类群体迁徙规律、鸟类种间的竞争密切相关,反应了湿地鸟类适应生境变化的可塑性机制。

Study of the dominant bird population ecological niche in Zhangye National Wetland Park of Gansu Province

The niche change of bird population affected by the temporal and spatial pattern of birds, is the theoretical basis of understanding the mechanism of birds environmental adaptation. The aim of this study is to investigate the niche breadth and overlap of five dominant bird species in wetland within the inland basin of northwest China,especially the diverse temporal changes in niche breadth and overlap as well as their formation mechanisms.The study, which was conducted in Zhangye National Wetland Park, Gansu Province, China,took place over three periods from November 1, 2013 to May 30, 2015. In this study, two sample lines were fixedaccording to the surface features of the Wetland Park Conservation Area. The transect lines, each approximately 1.5 km long, ran through the whole conservation area. Surveys of bird richness and abundance were performed every 3 to7 days along the transect lines, which were 3 to 5 days during the bird migration season and 5 to 7 days in the winter. These quantity surveys were carried out every month along the transect lines. During the surveys, the species, numbers, and behavioral habits of birds were recorded on both sides of the sample line, the walking speed of investigator was 1.5 km per hour.Those were tried to understand that the temporal diversity of bird niche breadth and overlap, and the patterns of variation and formative reasons for the niche breadth and overlap. The results were shown that the niche breadth of fives dominant species increased firstly and then decreased with the month replaced in Zhangye National Wetland Park.The highest values appeared in January, which were 1.601, 1.415, 1.627, and 1.771 for Tadornaferruginea, Anasplatyrhynchos, Passer montanus, and Fulicaatra, respectively. The highest value for Ardea alba in appeared in March was 0.556, The niche overlap of the five dominant species differed by month, with the maximum values in March and November, and minimum values in January and February. The niche breadth and overlap of dominant bird populations were shownthe relationship on time scales that one waned with the other waxed.