中国人工林经营发展战略与对策:从追求木材产量的单一目标经营转向提升生态系统服务质量和效益的多目标经营

人工林是全球森林资源的重要组成部分,在木材生产、环境改善、景观建设和减缓气候变化等方面扮演着愈来愈重要的角色。尽管我国人工林面积和蓄积不断增长,但是,人工林存在质量较差、结构不尽合理、生产力不高、生态功能较弱和生态稳定性下降等问题。人工林生态系统服务功能难以满足经济社会日益增长和新时期人们对美好生活向往的多方面需求。面对未来人工林面积继续增加受到适宜发展空间的严重制约和气候变化带来的现实和潜在的影响,亟需改变和调整我国人工林经营的发展战略和对策,将从人工林面积扩张、蓄积增加转变为人工林生态系统服务的质量和效益提升。如何提高人工林生态系统服务的质量和效益,创建健康稳定、高生产力和高碳汇的人工林生态系统,既能提供高产优质木材,又能够发挥固碳减排、生物多样性保护、水源涵养和水土保持等多种生态功能,以满足经济社会发展对森林的多种新需求和林业应对气候变化的新任务,亟需探索适合我国新时期人工林生态系统可持续经营的理论和多目标经营范式。在深入分析国际和我国人工林发展历程、变化趋势、面临问题的基础上,充分汲取和借鉴国际人工林经营的理念、经验和实践成果,并结合我国现阶段人工林发展实际情况,探索人工林生态系统服务质量与效益提升的发展思路和实践途径,从多层次、多尺度定位面向生态系统服务的人工林经营对策,倡导并实施人工林生态系统适应性经营,实现人工林生态系统服务的多目标权衡与协同,为我国人工林经营的战略转变和对策创新提供决策参考与未来展望。

Development strategy and management countermeasures of planted forests in China: transforming from timber-centered single objective management towards multi-purpose management for enhancing quality and benefits of ecosystem services

As an important component of global forest resources, planted forests are playing an increasingly crucial role in timber production, environmental improvement, landscape rehabilitation and climate change mitigation. Although China has been experiencing continuous growth in the area and standing volume of planted forests, ecosystem services and functions of planted forests are still far from adequacy in meeting growing needs of people''s better life expectation and rapid social-economic development. The planted forests are facing problems including poor stand quality, irrational stand structure, low productivity, and degraded ecological function. Considering the confined space available for further expansion of replanting area and the actual and potential impacts from climate change, it is necessary to adjust China''s current plantation development strategy from area expansion to quality and benefits improvement, There is a need to develop an appropriate strategy and practice approach for achieving multi-purpose management such as carbon sequestration, biodiversity protection, eco-environment improvement, in response to the new demands for building a beautiful China, and the new task of forestry''s role in climate change mitigation. In this paper, we discuss the possible ways and new ideas on how to upgrade China''s management strategy of planted forests by analyzing the development history, future trends and existing problems of global planted forests. Useful international experiences, concepts and good practices are well incorporated into China''s actual conditions and special feathers of plantation management. Some recommendations and future prospective on strategic transformation and technical innovation for enhancing the quality and benefits of multiple ecosystem services of planted forests in China were also proposed. Adaptive ecosystem management of planted forests is highly advocated under a changing environment, and the trade-offs and synergy of multiple ecosystem services of planted forests should be well managed and coordinated at multiple scales and levels.