安邦河自然保护区繁殖期骨顶鸡对游憩干扰的行为反应

随着湿地生态旅游的发展,水禽面临着越来越多的游憩干扰。骨顶鸡在我国北方大部分地区的湖泡沼泽繁殖,可作为湿地质量的指示物种,探讨该物种对游憩干扰的反应很有意义。在黑龙江省安邦河自然保护区的游憩区和对照区进行了繁殖期骨顶鸡日行为观察,比较分析结果显示:繁殖前期游憩区骨顶鸡的躲避行为显著高于对照区(F_(1,18)=62.364,P0.01);孵卵期骨顶鸡对游憩干扰的反应比繁殖前期更强烈,除了躲避行为显著增加(雄性F_(1,8)=40.653,P0.01;雌性F_(1,8)=32.028,P0.01),还主要表现在雌骨顶鸡孵卵时间减少(F_(1,8)=13.521,P0.01),持续孵卵时间缩短;雄骨顶鸡取食时间峰值增加,取食中断不连续;雌雄骨顶鸡繁殖期行为及对游憩干扰反应有所不同。建议通过改善游憩区的隐蔽条件,以提供躲避空间,提高生境质量,减少游憩干扰的影响。

Behavioral responses of breeding common coots(Fulica atra) to recreational disturbancein the Anbang River Nature Reserve

Ecotourism and outdoor recreation occur in wetlands worldwide, including sea coasts and inlands, and many species of waterfowl are faced with increasing disturbance from recreational activities of human beings. Common coots (Fulica atra) are widely distributed throughout the Old World and Australia, and breed in swamps in most of northern China. This species is indicative of wetland quality because it requires large areas of open water and good cover for nesting habitat, and common coot populations decline when habitat quality is degraded. Therefore, it is important to determine the response of common coots to recreational disturbance. In this study, the diurnal activities of breeding common coots were observed in recreational and control areas in the Anbang River Nature Reserve in Heilongjiang Province from 2006 to 2007. The results indicated that:(1) during the pre-laying period, common coots in the recreational area exhibited escape behavior significantly more often than that did those in the control area (F_1,18=62.364, P<0.01); (2) the behavioral responses of breeding common coots during the incubation period were more intense than during the pre-laying period. Firstly common coots exhibited escape behavior more often in the recreational area (male:F_1,8=40.653, P<0.01;female F_1,8=32.028, P<0.01); secondly the female common coots reduced their incubation time (F_1,8=13.521, P<0.01) and continuous periods of incubation were shorter, whereas forging time decreased for male common coots and the peak time increased in recreational area relative to that observed in the control area. Our results indicated that recreational activities disrupted behavioral continuity of breeding common coots. The breeding behavior of female and male common coots and their response to human disturbance differed. Based on the responses of common coots to recreational activities, several alternatives were proposed, including increasing the amount of wetland plant cover between the human footpaths and common coot territories, and growing wetland plants adjacent to the swamp shore and near coot nests to improve habitat quality, provide escape cover, and alleviate direct disturbance by human.