生态系统服务对人类福祉的影响——以浙江省桐庐县为例

近年来,生态系统变化与人类福祉间的关系成为生态学领域的研究热点。基于桐庐县农业生产及土地利用情况,采用谢高地提出的生态系统服务价值当量表,对其进行了较有针对性地修正,据此计算桐庐县生态系统服务价值,以HDI(人类发展指数,Human Development Index)作为衡量人类福祉的指标,最后分析两者之间的相关关系,以探究生态系统服务对人类福祉的影响。研究结果显示:2005—2008年,生态系统服务价值平均每年减少0.157%,2009—2014年生态系统服务价值平均每年减少0.0948%,且两个时期的生态系统服务价值减少速率均都呈现逐年减少的趋势。人类发展指数一直在升高,其中2006年增长最多,达3.15%,2013年最少仅为0.64%,其中教育、预期寿命和经济这3个维度中经济指数增长最快,发展势头最为明显。但总体看来,2005—2014年期间桐庐县HDI的增长速度在不断减缓。表明桐庐县经济发展势头迅猛,经济社会快速发展。因此构成HDI的经济指标增长比较显著,从而促使HDI逐年增长。但随着桐庐县各行业用地需求不断增大,可耕作和建设的土地资源更加紧缺,保护与建设耕地难度越来越大,以致生态系统服务价值进一步缩减。生态系统服务价值与HDI及构成HDI的经济指数都呈现负相关关系,其中2005—2008年在控制经济指数的情况下,各项生态系统服务价值与教育指数均呈现显著正相关关系,随着生态系统服务价值的减少,HDI的增长速率不断降低。表明经济因素的高度发达,在一定程度上减缓了生态系统服务价值减少对人类福祉的负面影响,且生态系统服务对人类福祉的影响具有一定的滞后性。在特定的社会经济条件下,生态系统服务价值与教育会产生积极的相互作用。根据变化趋势,随着生态系统服务价值不断减少,人类福祉最终还是会受到负面影响。

Influence of ecosystem services on human well-being: a case study of Tonglu County, Zhejiang Province, China

In recent years, the relationship between ecosystem changes and human well-being has become a hot topic in ecological research. In the present study, we calculated the ecosystem services value of Tonglu County using agricultural production and land utilization data and a revised version of Xie Gaodi''s ecosystem services value equivalent table. We also used the human development index (HDI) as a measure of human well-being and analyzed the correlation between Tonglu''s ecosystem services value and the HDI to determine the effect of ecosystem services on human well-being. We found that the ecosystem services value declined by an average of 0.157% from 2005 to 2008 and by an average of 0.0948% from 2009 to 2014 and that the rate of reduction decreased yearly from 2005 to 2014. In contrast, the HDI increased from 2005 to 2014, and its growth rate reached a maximum of 3.15% and minimum of 0.64% in 2006 and 2013, respectively. In the three dimensions of education, life expectancy and economy, economy exhibited more rapid growth and a more obvious development momentum. However, the overall growth rate of the HDI of Tonglu County gradually decreased from 2005 to 2014, which indicated the rapid development of Tonglu''s economy and society. Accordingly, the economic indicators that constituted the HDI had increased significantly, thereby contributing to the annual growth of HDI. However, with Tonglu''s increasing land use, the land resources available for farming and construction became more scarce, and it became increasingly difficult to protect and develop arable land, which will further reduce the ecosystem services value. From 2005 to 2008, in the case of controlling the economic index, there was a significant positive correlation between the indices of ecosystem services and those of education. More specifically, the ecosystem services value and growth rate of HDI decreased simultaneously. Therefore, we also concluded that high-development economic elements alleviate the negative impact of ecosystem services value reduction on human well-being and that the negative influence of ecosystem services on human well-being is not immediate. Furthermore, under certain social and economic conditions, there will be a positive interaction between the ecosystem services value and education. In conclusion, human well-being will suffer as ecosystem services decrease.