北京边缘地区景观格局变化及对生态系统服务的影响评价——以牛栏山-马坡镇为例

北京边缘区正处于经济快速发展阶段,人类活动对景观格局产生了显著影响,造成生态服务功能发生巨大变化,因此,研究北京城市边缘区景观格局变化及其生态系统服务价值影响对未来城市边缘区的发展具有重要意义。基于Fragstats 4.2软件,以生态系统服务当量因子表为基础,探讨北京边缘地区牛栏山-马坡镇在1992—2015年间景观格局和生态系统服务价值变化;并进行景观指数与生态系统服务价值的相关性分析。结果表明:1992—2015年间,牛栏山-马坡镇景观格局发生了显著变化,破碎度增加,异质性增高,优势景观类型由农田变为建设用地;生态系统服务价值由11609.34万元增长到14992.07万元,其中,林地对生态系统服务价值增加的贡献率最大;提高最大斑块指数、斑块密度和多样性指数有利于生态系统服务价值的增加。综上所述,快速城镇化背景下人为干扰造成的景观格局变化不一定会使城市边缘地区生态系统服务价值降低,科学的生态环境规划和保护政策是牛栏山-马坡镇生态系统服务价值增加的主要原因。

Landscape pattern change in Beijing fringe area and its impact on the ecosystem services: a case study in Niulanshan-Mapo town

Cities in China have been continuously expanding in recent years. This process has been affected by the country''s rapid socio-economic development and urbanization, especially in large metropolises like Beijing. Because urban fringe areas are now undergoing rapid economic development, human activity has come to have a significant impact on landscape patterns and has led to changes in the ecosystem service function. For this reason, it is crucial to study the changes occurring in Beijing. The town of Niulanshan-Mapo is a representative of many urban fringe areas. It is located outside the sixth ring road, 50 km from the urban center of Beijing. Considering the town''s important role in forming the Beijing fringe area, we undertook a case study of Niulanshan-Mapo. In this study, we investigated the changes in landscape patterns and ecosystem service value in Niulanshan-Mapo town during 1992 and 2015. We analyzed and identified changes in the trends and dynamics driving the changes in landscape patterns and corresponding ecosystem service value under the background of rapid socio-economic development. The Fragstats 4.2 spatial analysis tool was used to establish the landscape pattern index, and SPSS statistical software was used to analyze the relationship between the landscape pattern index according to land use data from 1992, 2001, and 2015. An ecosystem services equivalent factor table was constructed based on the actual grain production and price in Beijing. The results showed that the landscape pattern changed dramatically in Niulanshan-Mapo town. Fragmentation and heterogeneity were also greatly increased in this area. The dominant landscape types changed from farmland to built-up areas, and the ecosystem service value increased from 116.09 million yuan in 1992 to 149.92 million yuan in 2015. The forest ecosystem service value increased from 1109.67 million yuan in 1992 to 8940.98 million yuan in 2015, accounting for the largest contribution to the increase in ecosystem service value of all landscape types. According to the analysis of the relationship between the landscape pattern index and ecological system, it was beneficial to increase the ecosystem service value through improving the largest patch index, patch density index, and diversity index. However, as the landscape pattern varied among different regions, the relationship of landscape pattern index and ecosystem service value also changed. Hence, it was essential to analyze the degree of influence of the ecosystem service on each landscape pattern index. In conclusion, this study not only analyzed the temporal and spatial changes of land use, but also the structural change of ecosystem service value change in the rapid development of an urban fringe region. We determined the main land use type responsible for a change in ecosystem service value. An important finding of this study was that the interference of the landscape pattern might not necessarily lead to the degradation of ecosystem service function in the context of rapid urbanization. However, the scientific and reasonable planning and conservation policy on ecological environment constitute the main reasons for an increase in land ecosystem service value in Niulanshan-Mapo town. This study also provides the strategies and theoretical basis for the improvement of ecosystem service value of other similar urban fringe areas.