北京典型树种木质组织碳释放速率温度敏感性的时间变化规律和铅锤分异特征

采用红外气体分析法(IRGA)于2014年1—12月原位测定了北京市4个典型树种(国槐Sophora japonica,旱柳Salix matsudana,华北落叶松Larix principis-rupprechtii和侧柏Platycladus orientalis)在不同高度上的木质组织CO_2通量速率(E_(CO_2)),旨在比较不同树种间E_(CO_2)及其温度敏感性(Q_(10))的时间变化规律和铅锤分异特征。研究结果显示:(1)4个树种的E_(CO_2)均表现为单峰型季节变化规律,生长月份内的E_(CO_2)显著高于非生长月份,温度和枝干的径向生长是影响E_(CO_2)季节变化的主要因素;(2)E_(CO_2)对温度的敏感性在夏季月份明显降低,且出现明显的垂直分异:Q_(10)随测量高度的增加而增加,呈现出非连续的阶梯分布;(3)在日间尺度上,阔叶树种E_(CO_2)对温度的感性系数Q_(10)出现昼夜不对称现象,晚上Q_(10)明显升高。准确量化E_(CO_2)的时间变化规律和铅锤分异特征,细化不同时间尺度下E_(CO_2)对温度的响应特征,成为准确估算木质组织碳排放的前提条件。

Temporal dynamics and vertical variations in the temperature sensitivity of woody-tissue CO2 efflux for typical tree species in Beijing

CO₂ efflux (E_CO2) from stems and branches is important in the regulation of biomass productivity and maintenance of carbon balance in terrestrial ecosystems. E_CO2 is a temperature-sensitive physiological process. An increase in temperature could promote the activities of enzymes, decrease the gas solubility, and improve the diffusion coefficient of CO₂. Until recently, great uncertainties relevant to the variations in E_CO2 and their temperature-sensitivity (expressed in terms of Q₁₀) remain poorly assessed because of the lack of continuous sampling, both in time series and space sequence. Understanding the effect of temperature on E_CO2 at different time scales is important to accurately upscale the chamber-based CO₂ measurements to the whole-stem. To investigate the temporal dynamics and vertical variations in woody-tissue E_CO2 and their temperature sensitivity, the hourly E_CO2 at four different heights (10, 130, 240, and 370 cm) of the four typical tree species (Sophora japonica, Salix matsudana, Larix principis-rupprechtii, and Platycladus orientalis) was observed using an Li-8100 automatic instrument (LI-Cor, Inc, NE, USA) on two consecutive days per month throughout 2014 in an artificial mixed forest plantation near Beijing. Simultaneously, the meteorological conditions (air temperature, relative humidity, and woody-tissue temperature) and stem radial increment were monitored using the HOBO Pro V2 probes (Onset Computer Corporation, Bourne, MA, USA) and dendrometer (CR10X, Campbell Scientific, Logan, UT, USA), respectively. The results indicated that:(1) the E_CO2 of the four tree species showed similar seasonal variations, characterized by a significantly higher E_CO2 in the growing months than in the dormant months. Together, the woody-tissue temperature (T_W) and stem radial diameter increment (Di) of the trees explained the seasonal variation of E_CO2; (2) Our study showed that the temperature-sensitivity coefficient, Q₁₀, was not a constant, as assumed in some models, but was instead highly dependent on the measurement temperature. A lower Q₁₀ was observed in the summer months, but a higher value was observed in the dormant months. A strong vertical variation in Q₁₀ was observed during the growing season, showing a gradient increment with height along the trunk, and the vertical variation disappeared in the dormant months; (3) Based on the strength of correlations between stem (T_W) and air temperature (T_A), the daytime was divided into four periods. In growing months, the night-time temperature-sensitivity coefficient Q₁₀ was significantly higher than that of day-time values, especially for the two deciduous species (Sophora japonica and Salix matsudana). This result implies that E_CO2 is more sensitive to temperature in the night than in the daytime, and the temperature responses of E_CO2 estimated by only daytime measurement can lead to the underestimated stem respiration, especially considering that the temperature increase is faster during the night-time. In contrast, the diurnal asymmetry of Q₁₀ disappeared in the dormant months, i.e., no significant difference was observed between each of the four periods. The quantitative analysis of the temporal dynamics and vertical variations of E_CO2, as well as what factors are driving these changes, would help us to improve our knowledge of the E_CO2 processes and understand how climatic changes affect forest carbon budgets.