山西平陆越冬大天鹅日间行为模式

2011年12月至2012年2月和2012年11月至2013年1月,采用瞬时扫描法,对山西平陆黄河湿地越冬的大天鹅进行了日间行为时间分配和活动节律的研究。结果表明,大天鹅在越冬期的主要行为是静息、运动和取食,分别占全部行为比例的(40.5±1.4)%、(22.8±0.9)%和(18.2±0.8)%。在日间节律方面,大天鹅的取食行为呈现早晚双高峰,静息行为的高峰则出现在早上和中午。对不同地点的大天鹅的行为时间分配研究表明,大天鹅在两地的行为时间分配存在明显差异。其中,在干扰强度较大的三湾村,运动和争斗行为更多;在干扰较小的关家窝村,静息和警戒行为更多。在行为时间分配与温度变化关系的研究中,通过Pearson相关性分析发现,大天鹅的取食、运动和理羽行为与温度成显著正相关,静息和警戒行为与温度呈现显著负相关。

Diurnal activity patterns of Whooper Swan wintering at Pinglu, Shanxi,China

From December 2011 to February 2012 and from November 2012 to January 2013, we conducted research on Whooper Swan Cygnus Cygnus diurnal activity allotment and rhythm at the Yellow River wetland in Pinglu using instantaneous scan sampling methods. The chosen study area was the Yellow River wetland at Sanwan and Guanjiawo villages in Pinglu, Shanxi Province because the ecological environments at these two locations are similar, and they are both close to rivers and winter wheat fields. There are relatively high numbers of tourists at Sanwan every day, so the human interference level there is relatively high. Guanjiawo, on the other hand, is closer to natural conditions with relatively low human interference levels. We categorized the activities of Whooper Swans into seven behavioral types: foraging, locomotion, resting, maintenance, alerting, fighting, and calling. We recorded the activity types of 10 Whooper Swans every 10 minutes between 7:00 and 18:00. At the same time, we recorded the local temperature (accuracy of 1°C) and calculated the diurnal average temperature as the average of temperatures at 6:00, 12:00, and 18:00. During the wintering period, the major behaviors of Whooper Swans were resting, locomotion and foraging, which accounted for 40.5%, 22.8% and 18.2% of the total behavior, respectively. The peak foraging times were 7:00-8:00 and 17:00-18:00, and the peak resting times were 7:00-8:00 and 12:00-13:00. Peak maintenance time was 12:00-13:00, and peak calling and fighting time was 10:00-11:00. Results of a Chi-squared test showed that with the exception of fighting activity (x²=17.17, df=10, P=0.071), the diurnal rhythms of all other activities were highly significant. Results comparing the diurnal activity allotment of Whooper Swans in areas of different human disturbances showed obvious differences in their behavior patterns. Compared with Guanjiawo, which is a site of less interference, the Whooper Swans in Sanwan spent more time on locomotion and fighting, and spent less time on resting and alerting. Investigations into the relationship between Whooper Swan behaviors and local temperatures, as determined by Pearson correlation analysis, showed that the behaviors of foraging, locomotion and maintenance were significantly positively correlated with temperature, while the behaviors of resting and alerting were significantly negatively correlated with temperature.