空间条件对几种粮食作物的同工酶和细胞学特性的影响

搭载１９８７年发射的两颗返地卫星（８月５—１０日和９月９—１７日）的几种小麦、大麦种子，经回收后初步研究表明：（１）对发芽率的影响：空间处理的种子，其发芽率与对照无差别；（２）对茎及生育期的影响：空间处理的种子长成的幼苗比对照强壮，植株高度有些品种明显的矮于对照。生育期有不同程度延长；（３）对染色体结构的影响：花粉母细胞减数分裂观察表明搭载卫星的种子当代可诱导出比地面更多的染色体桥、落后染色体及染色体数目异于正常体细胞数目的现象。小麦品种Ｃｏｃｏｒｉｔ—７１经空间处理后花粉母细胞的染色体数目异常可高达２０．５１％，而地面对照组其花粉母细胞基本正常（２ｎ＝２８）；（４）对同工酶的影响：经空间处理的小麦种子酯酶、过氧化物酶的同工酶谱带空间处理的比地面对照减少。由此可见，空间处理可诱导纯合植物种子发生变异，为农作物育种创造一个新途径。

Effects of Spaceconditions on the Cytological Characteristics and Isozymes of some Cereal Crops

The effects of space condition on wheat and barley seed samples carried by two recoverable satellites launched in August 5 10,and September 9 17, 1987 were studied.The main results were:(1)Effects on germination rates:Spacetraveled seeds showed no differences with ground control in germination capacity but expressed a more uniform bud emergence;(2)Effects on shoot growth and developmental phase:plant height of some varieties were much shorter than ground control.The developmental phases were longer in some cases.(3)Effects on chromosome structure:Mitosis of wheat and barley pollen mother cells (P.M.C)was studied.It was found that the chromosome numbers were more or less different the normal and more chromosome bridge, more lagging chromosomes were observed. Abberations of chromosome number in the pollen mother cells of Cocorit-71 were more than 20.51 %.On the controry, ground control cells generally had normal chromosome number(2n=28).(4) Effects on isozymes:Isozymes bands of both esterase and peroxidase of the spacetraveled wheat seeds were than the control markedly decreased.Therefore,spacetravel may induce varitions in the of pure lines seeds.This provids a new potential method for crop breeding.