区域湿地生态系统结构与功能变化对生态系统服务价值的影响——以海口市为例

利用海口市1959年地形图和1976、1985、1995、2005、2018年5个年份影像数据的精确配准与解译，基于当量因子的生态系统服务价值(Ecosystem services value，ESV)评估方法，构建了湿地生态系统结构与功能变化对其ESV影响的评估模型，分析了湿地ESV的动态变化。结果显示：(1)基于面积效应的ESV计算结果表明，1959 - 2018年全市ESV损失10.73亿元。1959 - 2018年各项ESV中仅供给服务ESV增加0.58亿元，调节服务、支持服务、文化服务ESV分别减少5.09、1.87、0.47亿元；(2)ESV动态模型修订后的生态系统服务价值当量显示，仅浅海水域、淤泥质海滩和海水养殖场的ESV当量有所增加；沙石海滩、红树林、三角洲/沙洲/沙岛、洪泛湿地/内陆滩涂、淡水湖、河流、水库的ESV当量损失严重；淡水养殖场、农用池塘/坑塘水面、水田、其他用地的ESV当量损失较轻；建设用地ESV当量持续减少；(3)不同空间尺度的湿地ESV损失结果存在差异。湿地ESV评估中，湿地的自我调节和恢复能力不容忽视，外界干扰下湿地生态服务功能变化的阈值有待于进一步研究。

Impact of regional wetland ecosystem structure and function changes on ecosystem service value: a case study of Haikou city

Changes in wetland ecosystem structure and function are closely related to wetland ecological vulnerability and high-level ecological services. At present, however, few studies have explored the ecological losses caused by changes in wetland ecosystem structure and function. Based on the accurate registration and interpretation of a topographic map of Haikou from 1959 and image data from year of 1976, 1985, 1995, 2005, and 2018, we developed an ecosystem service value (ESV) method based on the equivalent factor, constructed an assessment model of the impact of changes in wetland ecosystem structure and function on ESV, and analyzed dynamic changes in wetland ESV. Results showed that: (1) from 1959 to 2018, ESV decreased by 1.073 billion yuan. From 1959 to 2018, only the ESV supply service increased by 58 million yuan, whereas the adjustment, support, and culture services decreased by 509, 187, and 47 million yuan, respectively. (2) Based on the revised ESV equivalent of the dynamic ESV model, only shallow waters, silty beaches, and mariculture farms showed an increase in ESV; wetlands/inland tidal flats, freshwater lakes, rivers, and reservoirs showed considerable losses in the ESV equivalent; freshwater farms, agricultural ponds/pit ponds, paddy fields, and other land types showed relatively light losses in the ESV equivalent; construction land showed a continuous decrease in the ESV equivalent. (3) Spatial scale differences were found in the assessment of wetland ESV, indicating that the self-regulation and restoration ability of a wetland cannot be ignored, and the threshold value of wetland ecosystem service function change under external disturbance needs to be further studied.