微重力环境影响植物生长发育的研究进展

微重力是最独特的空间环境条件之一,研究微重力对不同植物种类以及不同植物部位的影响是空间生物学的重要内容之一,对于建立生物再生式生命保障系统意义重大。生物再生式生命保障系统是未来开展长期载人空间活动的核心技术,其优势在于能在一个密闭的系统内持续再生氧气,水和食物等高等动物生活必需品,植物部件是生物再生式生命保障系统的重要组成部分。了解和掌握微重力对植物生长发育的影响,有助于采取有效的作业制度确保其正常生长发育和繁殖,是成功建立生物再生式生命保障系统的首要关键。该文就植物在空间探索中的地位和作用,地面模拟微重力的装置以及国内外有关微重力对植物的影响做一综述。现有的研究结果包括,未来长期的载人航天任务需要植物通过光合作用为生物再生式生命保障系统提供部分动物营养、洁净水以及清除系统中的固体废物和二氧化碳;三维随机回旋装置是目前地面上模拟微重力效应的主要装置之一,尤其适用于植物材料的长期模拟微重力处理;国内外有关微重力对植物影响的报道生理生化水平多集中在植物的生长发育和生理反应,比如表型变化或者与重力相关的激素或者钙离子的再分配,细胞或亚细胞水平主要有细胞壁、线粒体、叶绿体以及细胞骨架等,基因和蛋白质表达水平的研究对象主要为拟南芥。由于实验方法和材料之间的差异,微重力对不同植物或者植物不同部位在各个水平的影响效果并不一致,未来需要开展更多的相关研究工作。

Progress in the effects of microgravity on plant growth and development

Microgravity is the unique and most important character in the space. Research of the effects of microgravity on different kinds of plants or different plant parts is important for space biology,which is significant for us to establish the bio-regenerative life supporting system. Bio-regenerative life supporting system was raised and established as one of the core technologies for future long-term manned space missions,it has the advantage that can continue the regeneration of oxygen,water and food for higher animals necessities in a closed system. Plant component is an important part of bio-regenerative life supporting system. Understanding and knowledge of the effects of space microgravity condition on plant growth and development will contribute to build the effective operation system to ensure their normal growth and reproduction,which is the primary key to successfully establish bio-regenerative life supporting system. The paper summarized the status and function of plants in space exploring,the simulated microgravity apparatus on ground and the research related to the real and simulated microgravity on different plant species and different plant parts at home and abroad. Existing research results were as follows: future long-term space missions required loading plant photosynthesis to provide some animal nutrition and clean water and removed some solid waste and carbon dioxide in the bio-regenerative life supporting system; three-dimension random positioning machine was the most effective tool to simulated microgravity on the ground,especially for long-term plant experiments; research reports about the effects of microgravity on plant in physiological and biochemical level at home and abroad mainly concentrated on plant growth and development and physiological response,such as phenotypic changes or redistribution hormone or calcium ions associated with gravity. Studies on cellular or subcellular level mainly focus on cell wall,mitochondria,chloroplasts,and the cytoskeleton. Arabidopsis is almost the only study object in the gene and protein expression level. Due to the divergence between the experimental methods and materials,the effects of microgravity on different plants or different parts are not consistent in each level. More research work is required in the future.