湖南蓝山县端午药市的瑶药调查

中国南方一些少数民族地区民间“端午药市”流传至今,体现了民族医药的独具特色及其深远影响。为了解瑶族端午药市交易现状和发掘民族医药传统知识,采用民族植物学等方法对湖南省蓝山县端午药市进行调查,完成包括基原、地方名、药用部位、用途和用法、出现频度等内容的药用植物编目。结果表明:蓝山县端午药市药用植物种类丰富,共收集鉴定103科 222属262种,药用植物种类广泛分布于各科和各属中,其中种类较多的科有五加科(11种)、茜草科(11种)、菊科(11种)、百合科(10种)、唇形科(9种)、蝶形花科(8种)、芸香科(7种)。药市药浴植物畅销且种类多样,达94种,占总数的35.9%,体现瑶族在治疗疾病上以预防保健为主的理念。经统计药市上均未被国家药典和地方标准收录的药用植物有131种,占总数的50.2%,成为发掘新药源、新用途的潜在资源。对端午药市售药者年龄的调查发现,售药者的年龄主要集中在50～59岁间,占总人数的67%,40岁以下的仅占总人数的3%,可见民族药用传统知识的传承存在传承人老龄化、潜在传承人数量锐减的现象。此外,还对药市交易药用植物的种类组成和民族药用特色进行分析,探讨了端午药市对药用传统知识保护与传承的影响,并对蓝山端午药市的可持续发展提出了建议。

Investigation on Yao herbal medicinal market during the Dragon Boat Festival in Lanshan County, Hunan

The traditional medicinal market during the Dragon Boat Festival, which is still popular in some ethnic minority areas in South China, which shows characteristics of the ethnic medicine and has a far-reaching impact on it. In order to investigate the transaction status of Yao herbal medicine market and harvest the traditional Yao medicinal knowledge, we investigated the herbal medicinal market during the Dragon Boat Festival in Lanshan County of Hunan Province by using ethnobotany method. An inventory of medicinal plants sold in the medicinal market during the Dragon Boat Festival in Lanshan County was documented in the present paper, including scientific name, local name, medicinal part, uses, prepared methods and occurrence frequency. The results were as follows: The species of medicinal plants in the medicinal market during the Dragon Boat Festival in Lanshan County were rich. More than 262 species of medicinal plant were investigated and recorded, which belonged to 103 families and 222 genera. These medicinal plants belong to various families and genera, and the number of families contained more than seven species including Araliaceae(11 species), Rubiaceae(11 species), Asteraceae(11 species), Liliaceae(10 species), Lamiaceae(9 species), Papilionaceae(8 species), Rutaceae(7 species). Medicinal bath plants were popular and diverse in the traditional medicinal market, accounting for 94 species, up to 35.9% of the total, and this reflects the Yao people''s concept of prevention and health care in the treatment of diseases. According to statistics, 131 species of medicinal plants have not been included in the national pharmacopoeia and local standards, accounting for 50.2% of the total, which will become potential resources for exploring new drugs and new uses. The investigation result of the age of medicine sellers showed that the age of sellers was mainly between 50 and 59 years old, accounting for 67% of the total, while those under 40 years old only accounted for 3% of the total. This phenomenon indicated that the aging of inheritors and sharp decrease in the number of potential inheritors exist in the inheritance of traditional ethnic medicine knowledge. We also analyzed species diversity of medicinal plants and ethnic features of medicinal market and discussed the influence of the medical market on the protection and inheritance of traditional medical knowledge, and proposed some suggestions for sustainable development of the traditional medicinal market in Lanshan County.