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Systematics and origin of moths in the subfamily Arctiinae (Lepidoptera,Erebidae) in the Neotropical region
Authors:Mauricio M Zenker  Niklas Wahlberg  Gunnar Brehm  José A Teston  Lukasz Przybylowicz  Marcio R Pie  André VL Freitas
Institution:1. Departamento de Biologia Animal and Museu de Zoologia, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, 13083‐970 Brazil;2. Department of Biology, Lunds Universitet, 223 62 Lund, Sweden;3. Institute of Systematic Zoology and Evolutionary Biology with Phyletic Museum, Friedrich‐Schiller‐University Jena, 1 07743 Jena, Germany;4. Instituto de Ciências da Educa??o, Programa de Licenciatura em Biologia, Universidade Federal do Oeste do Pará, 68040070 Santarém, Pará, Brazil;5. Institute of Systematics and Evolution of Animals, Polish Academy of Sciences, Poland, Slawkowska, 17 31–016 Krakow, Poland;6. Departamento de Zoologia, Universidade Federal do Paraná, 81531‐990 Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil;7. Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Departamento de Zoologia and Museu de História Natural, 13083970 Campinas, Brazil
Abstract:The availability of standard protocols to obtain DNA sequences has allowed the inference of phylogenetic Hypotheses for many taxa, including moths. We here have inferred a phylogeny using maximum‐Likelihood and Bayesian approaches for a species‐rich group of moths (Erebidae, Arctiinae), with strong emphasis on Neotropical genera collected in different field campaigns in the Atlantic Forest of Brazil, eastern Amazon and southern Ecuador. A total of 277 species belonging to 246 genera were included in the analysis. Our main objectives were to shed light on the relationships between suprageneric groups, especially subtribes, and hypothesize colonization events in and out of the Neotropics. The monophyly of Arctiinae and its four tribes (Lithosiini, Amerilini, Syntomini and Arctiini) was recovered in the ML and Bayesian trees. Three Lithosiini subtribes previously found and two additional species groups were recovered monophyletic in both phylogenetic estimation methods. In Arctiini, the monophyly of Spilosomina and Arctiina was highly supported in the ML and Bayesian trees, but the monophyly of Ctenuchina and Echromiina was weakly supported in the ML tree and absent in the Bayesian tree; the remaining subtribes were paraphyletic and, in the case of Phageopterina, formed several species groups. The mapping of species occurrence in our ML tree suggests that Arctiinae have an Old World origin and that the Neotropical region was colonized at least six times independently. Our analysis also suggests that a number of species that occur in Neotropical and other zoogeographic regions may have originated in the Neotropics, although further taxon sampling is required to support this hypothesis. To our knowledge, this is the first time that a highly speciose group of tropical moths is well covered in a phylogeny, and it seems plausible that the results reported here may be extendable to other species‐rich tropical undersampled moth taxa.
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