Superparasitism and sex ratio in the solitary parasitoidEpidinocarsis lopezi |
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Authors: | Marianne J van Dijken Pam van Stratum and Jacques J M van Alphen |
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Institution: | (1) Department of Population Biology, University of Leiden, P.O. Box 9516, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands |
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Abstract: | Highly variable sex ratios are found in the solitary parasitoidEpidinocarsis lopezi, both in the field and in a mass-rearing situation. Superparasitism is one of a number of factors which can influence sex
ratios in parasitoid Hymenoptera. We show that superparasitism inE. lopezi is common in the field. Sex allocation decisions when parasitizing unparasitized hosts are not different from those with
parasitized hosts; neither does differential mortality occur between the sexes in superparasitized hosts. Therefore superparasitism
does not contribute to the variable sex ratio ofE. lopezi. Both the occurrence of superparasitism and the sex produced when ovipositing are shown to be functional forE. lopezi. |
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Keywords: | super parasitism sex ratio solitary parasitoid Epidinocarsis lopezi biological control |
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