Alginate embedding and subsequent sporulation of in vitro-produced Conidiobolus thromboides hyphae using a pressurised air-extrusion method |
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| Institution: | 1. China Jiliang University, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Biometrology and Inspection & Quarantine, Hangzhou 310018, China;2. Zhejiang Economic & Trade Polytechnic, Hangzhou 310018, China;3. ARC-Small Grain Institute (ARC-SGI), Private Bag X29, Bethlehem 9700, South Africa;1. Institute of Biodiversity and Ecosystem Research, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 1 Tzar Osvoboditel Blvd., Sofia, Bulgaria;2. Freie Universität Berlin, Königin-Luise-Str. 1-3, 14195 Berlin, Germany;3. Illinois Natural History Survey, University of Illinois, 1816 S. Oak St., Champaign, IL 61801, United States;4. University of Applied Sciences, Eberswalde, Alfred-Möller-Straße 1, 16225 Eberswalde, Germany;5. Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences, Kamycka 1176, 16521 Prague, Czech Republic;1. Aarhus University, Department of Bioscience, Section of Aquatic Biology, Building 1135, Ole Worms allé 1, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark;2. Alfred-Wegener-Institut, Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar- und Meeresforschung, Bussetraße 24, D-27570 Bremerhaven, Germany;3. Department of Genetics and Evolution, University of Geneva, Sciences III, 30, Quai Ernest Ansermet, CH 1211 Genève 4, Switzerland;1. Department of Statistics and Actuarial Science Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada V5A 1S6;2. Department of Statistics, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand;1. Division of Entomology and Nematology, Indian Institute of Horticultural Research, Hessarghatta Lake Post, Bangalore 560089, India;2. Division of Soil Science, Indian Institute of Horticultural Research, Hessarghatta Lake Post, Bangalore 560089, India |
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| Abstract: | Conidiobolus thromboides is an entomophthoralean fungus with potential as a biological control agent of aphids. However, its application in biological control is limited due to its formulation requirements. The objective of this study was to develop and optimise a novel air-extrusion method to embed C. thromboides hyphae at high density in alginate pellets. An orthogonal experimental design was used to investigate selected combinations of parameters known to affect hyphal density within pellets. The diameter of pellets produced, and the calculated density of hyphae within them, ranged from 0.18 ± 0.09 to 3.17 ± 0.06 mm and from 0.02 to 350.56 mg/mm3 respectively. These data were used to predict the optimal parameter combination to deliver the greatest density of hyphae of C. thromboides per pellet: 1% sodium alginate, a 1:2 ratio of hyphae to sodium alginate, an orifice diameter of 0.232 mm and an air pressure of 0.05 MPa. Pellets made under the optimal conditions predicted produced a mean total of 4.3 ± 0.6 × 105 conidia per pellet at 100% relative humidity which was significantly greater than the mean total number of conidia produced from infected aphid cadavers of comparable size (9.35 ± 0.85 × 104) (p < 0.001). In conclusion, air-extrusion embedding appears to be a promising method for formulating in vitro-produced hyphae of C. thromboides for use in biological control. |
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| Keywords: | Biological control Mycoinsecticide Alginate formulation Air-extrusion Orthogonal experimental design |
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