野生胭脂花(Primula maximowiczii)生长发育和花芽分化研究

以北京东灵山胭脂花自然分布地野生群体中2年生以上植株为研究对象,于2008～2010年连续3年观测了野生胭脂花的年生长发育进程,并采用石蜡切片法制片,通过普通光学显微镜和体视显微镜观察了胭脂花花芽分化和花序发育的过程,以探明野生胭脂花生长发育和花芽分化的规律,为人工栽培胭脂花提供依据。结果显示:(1)胭脂花的年生长发育进程可分为萌芽期、营养生长期、开花期、果实发育期、果熟期、花芽分化期和休眠期等7个阶段;5～9月为胭脂花的生长季,生长环境凉爽,日平均气温为5℃～20℃。(2)胭脂花花芽分化期为7月中下旬～9月上旬,历时约2个月,整个过程包括未分化期、花芽原基分化期、小花原基分化期和小花分化期;花序上的小花由外向内逐渐形成并发育,雌雄蕊的发育从8月中下旬开始到9月上中旬结束;花序发育完全的胭脂花植株进入休眠期,经过当年10月份至来年4月份的低温阶段翌年开花。胭脂花花芽分化进程和外部形态密切相关,可根据植株的外部形态特征快速判定花序发育状况。

Growth, Development and Flower Differentiation of wild Primula maximowiczii

The annual growth and development rhythms of wild Primula maximowiczii plants in Dongling Mountains,Beijing were investigated during 2008~2010,and the flower initiation and inflorescence development were observed by light microscope.The results were as follows:(1)The growth and development of P.maximowiczii plants fulfilled under relative cool environment(5℃~20℃,average day temperatures) from May to September,and could be divided into 7 stages,including sprouting phase,vegetable growth phase,blossom phase,fruitage phase,mature fruit phase,flower differentiation phase and dormancy phase.(2)Flower initiation of P.maximowiczii began in middle or late July and finished in early September,which lasted almost two months,and the whole process could be divided into four stages,including vegetative stage,inflorescence primordium differentiation stage,inflorescence formation stage and floret differentiation stage.The plants of P.maximowiczii finished flower differentiation withered during October to April and bloomed in next May.The florets formed from the outside to the inside of an inflorescence.Pistil and stamen formed and developed from middle August to middle September after the flower bud differentiation.The flower bud differentiation was found to be closely correlative to the external morphological traits of P.maximowiczii plants,that could be used to identify the flower development stages easily.