中国大型高等真菌生物多样性的关键类群

由于生物多样性的关键类群在科学研究、社会经济及生态系统中所处的重要地位，有必要对其进行筛选和确定。在多年的野外考察和有关文献资料分析的基础上，参照植物和动物关键类群的划分原理及方法，结合高等真菌的特点将大型高等真菌划分为3种类型：濒危类群、重大科学价值类群和重要经济类群。其中，濒危类群指在近年的考察和报告中发现的数量急剧减少或由于过度的采集资源明显受到威胁的种类，其中有虫草属(Cordyceps)的中华虫草(C．siaensis)、块菌属(Tuber)的中华块菌(T．sinense)、假下陷块菌(T．pseu—doexcawatum)、喜马拉雅块菌(T.himalayense)、革菌属(Thelephora)的干巴菌(T．ganbajun)、口蘑属的松茸(Tricholoma matsuatke)及其近缘种和蒙古口蘑(T．mongolicum)；重大科学价值类群指在真菌系统演化或与动、植物和其它真菌协同进化中的一些重要类群，或在应用研究领域具重要价值的类群，如鸡Zong菌属(Termitomyces)、鹅膏属(Amanita)、腹菌与伞菌的过渡类型如地红菇属(Macowanites)、粉褶包属(Richoniella)、轴腹菌属(Hydnangium)、腹牛肝菌属(Gastroboletus)等、牛肝菌类中的一些特殊单种属和寡种属如圆花孢牛肝菌属(Heimiel-la)、圆孔牛肝菌属(Gyroporus)等；重要经济类群指广为利用的食用菌、药用菌和外生菌根菌，其中主要有虫草属的中华虫草、块菌属的中华块菌、鸡Zong菌属盾尖鸡Zong菌(T．dypeatus)、鸡Zong菌(T.ewrhizus)、球形鸡Zong菌(T．gtoulus)、口蘑属的松茸群及蒙古口蘑、牛肝菌属(Bolaus)的美味牛肝菌(B．edulis)、小美牛肝菌(R．speciosus)、茶褐牛肝菌(B．brunneissimus)等，乳菇的红汁乳菇(L，hatsudake)、松乳菇(L．deliciosus)、多汁乳菇(L．volemus）、红菇属的变绿红菇(R．vir-escens)、蓝黄红菇(R．cyanoxantha)、鹅膏属的红黄鹅膏(A．hemibapha)、隐花青鹅膏(A．mang-iniana)、灵芝属(Ganoderma)的灵芝(G，lucidum)及紫芝(G，sinense)、竹荪属(Dictyophora)、豆马勃属(Pisdithus)的一些种。这些种由于具有重要的经济价值而受到过度的采集，故往往与濒危的种类一致。关键类群的筛选与提出为大型高等真菌的研究、应用和保护提供参考。

Key Taxa of Larger Members in Higher Fungi of Biodiversity from China

Among of the vast numbers of fungi, key taxa are of great importance for scientific research, economic development and ecosystem management. It is urgent and necessary to select and determinate key taxa from the species recorded from China. Based on many field investigations and analysis of literature about larger members in higher fungi from China, with reference to the selecting and determining principles and methods used for animals and plants, three types of key taxa were proposed: endangered taxa, important taxa for scientific research and important groups for economy. Endangered taxa are those whose populations have sharply decreased or natural resources are notably imperiled due to excessive collection by human being, such as Cordyceps sinensis, Tuber sinense,T.hymalayense,T.pseudoexcavatum,Thelephora ganbajun, Tricholoma matsutake-group and T.mongolicum.Important taxa in science are those with special significance in the research of mycological systematics, evolution, and co-evolution with animals plants or other fungi, or in other applied research areas. Examples of the second type are species of the genera Termitomyces, Amanita,transition taxa or rare and endemic species, monotypic and oligotypic genera of Gasteromycetes, Agaricales,Boletaceae,such as Macowanites, Richoniella, Hydnangium, Heimiella, Gastroboletus, Gyroporus. Important taxa in economy contain some well-known edible, medicinal and ectomycorrhizal fungi, such as Cordyceps sinensis, Tuber sinense, Termitomyces eurrhizus, Termitomyces globulus, Tricholoma matsutake-group and T.mongolicum, Boletus edulis, B.speciosus,B.brunneissimus, Lactarius hatsudake,L.deliciosus,L.volemus, Russula virescens,R.cyanoxantha, Amanita hemibapha, A.manginiana, Ganoderma lucidum,G.sinense and some species of Dictyophora and Pisolithus. Due to their high economic value, it is often brought about excessive collection. Therefore important economic taxa are usually in the same category as the endangered taxa. The key taxa selected and proposed here provide a basic reference for research, application and conservation on larger members in higher fungi from China.