High resolution genetic mapping uncovers chitin synthase-1 as the target-site of the structurally diverse mite growth inhibitors clofentezine,hexythiazox and etoxazole in Tetranychus urticae |
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| Institution: | 1. Hellenic Agricultural Organisation - “DEMETER”, NAGREF - Institute of Olive Tree, Subtropical crops and Viticulture, Department of Viticulture, Floriculture, Vegetable crops and Plant Protection, Heraklion, Greece;2. Agricultural Research Institute, Nicosia, Cyprus;3. Department of Crop Science, Agricultural University of Athens, Greece;4. Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation of Research and Technology, Heraklion, Greece;1. Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, P.O. Box 9424, 1090 GE Amsterdam, The Netherlands;2. Laboratory of Agrozoology, Department of Crop Protection, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Coupure Links 653, Ghent University, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium;3. Research and Development Division, Nippon-soda Co., Ltd., 2-2-1 Ohtemach, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 100-8165, Japan;4. Bayer CropScience AG, Research Pest Control, Alfred Nobel Str. 50, D-40789 Monheim, Germany;1. Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-921, Republic of Korea;2. Department of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA;3. Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-921, Republic of Korea |
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| Abstract: | The acaricides clofentezine, hexythiazox and etoxazole are commonly referred to as ‘mite growth inhibitors’, and clofentezine and hexythiazox have been used successfully for the integrated control of plant mite pests for decades. Although they are still important today, their mode of action has remained elusive. Recently, a mutation in chitin synthase 1 (CHS1) was linked to etoxazole resistance. In this study, we identified and investigated a Tetranychus urticae strain (HexR) harboring recessive, monogenic resistance to each of hexythiazox, clofentezine, and etoxazole. To elucidate if there is a common genetic basis for the observed cross-resistance, we adapted a previously developed bulk segregant analysis method to map with high resolution a single, shared resistance locus for all three compounds. This finding indicates that the underlying molecular basis for resistance to all three compounds is identical. This locus is centered on the CHS1 gene, and as supported by additional genetic and biochemical studies, a non-synonymous variant (I1017F) in CHS1 associates with resistance to each of the tested acaricides in HexR. Our findings thus demonstrate a shared molecular mode of action for the chemically diverse mite growth inhibitors clofentezine, hexythiazox and etoxazole as inhibitors of an essential, non-catalytic activity of CHS1. Given the previously documented cross-resistance between clofentezine, hexythiazox and the benzyolphenylurea (BPU) compounds flufenoxuron and cycloxuron, CHS1 should be also considered as a potential target-site of insecticidal BPUs. |
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| Keywords: | Insecticide Chitin synthesis inhibitors Mite growth inhibitors Genetic mapping Fukui function |
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