Association between blood cadmium level and bone mineral density reduction modified by renal function in young and middle-aged men |
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| Institution: | 1. Department of Laboratory Medicine, Hallym University College of Medicine, Dongtan Sacred Heart Hospital, Hwaseong, Republic of Korea;2. Department of Laboratory Medicine, Ewha Womans University, School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea;3. Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea;4. Department of Laboratory Medicine, Chungnam National University College of Medicine, Chungnam National University Hospital, Daejeon, Republic of Korea;5. Department of Laboratory Medicine, Konkuk University School of Medicine, Konkuk University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea;6. Department of Laboratory Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Republic of Korea;1. Department of Industrial Engineering and Engineering Management, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan;2. Computational Intelligence Technology Center, Industrial Technology Research Institute, Hsinchu 31040, Taiwan, ROC;3. Department of Electrical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan |
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| Abstract: | The association between cadmium exposure and bone mineral density (BMD) has not been well studied in young and middle-aged men. This study examined the relationship between the level of blood Cd (BCd) and BMD in a young to middle-aged representative male population while considering renal function. Using data from the 4th Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 2008–2009, 1275 adult men aged 20–64 years were analyzed. BCd was measured by atomic absorption spectrophotometry and renal function was assessed by the estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) with CKD-EPI formula. The risk of lower bone density was increased according to the increase in BCd levels after adjusting for eGFR and covariates, in which a significant interaction between BCd and eGFR existed. Significant negative associations between BCd and BMD were found: beta (p-value) were −0.03 (0.02), −0.04 (0.004) and −0.03 (0.04) in total femur, lumbar spine and femoral neck, respectively, which were limited to the people with eGFR ≤ lower 25%. Although, a causal relationship could not be determined because of a cross-sectional design in the present study, the results suggest low level Cd toxicity to bone via low eGFR and that measures to reduce environmental Cd exposure may be helpful to prevent bone loss in men. |
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| Keywords: | Blood cadmium Bone mineral density Renal function Young to middle-aged men |
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