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Amino acid sources in the adult diet do not affect life span and fecundity in the fruit-feeding butterfly Bicyclus anynana |
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| Authors: | FREERK MOLLEMAN JIMIN DING JANE-LING WANG PAUL M BRAKEFIELD JAMES R CAREY BAS J ZWAAN |
| Institution: | Department of Entomology, University of California, Davis, California, U.S.A.;, Evolutionary Biology, Institute of Biology, Leiden University, Leiden, the Netherlands;, Department of Statistics, University of California, Davis, California, U.S.A.;and Department of Mathematics, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, U.S.A. |
| Abstract: | Abstract. 1. In tropical forests, the adults of many butterfly species feed on fruits rather than nectar from flowers and have long life spans. Rotting fruit and nectar differ from each other in many respects, including sources of amino acids and microbial life. If amino acids in the adult diet can be used for reproduction, this may have facilitated the evolution of extended life spans in this guild. 2. This issue was addressed by investigating effects of banana, yeast, and amino acids in the adult diet of the fruit-feeding butterfly Bicyclus anynana (Lepidoptera) on longevity and female reproductive output in two experiments. 3. Results showed that in the fruit-feeding butterfly B. anynana : (i) banana juice, but not sliced banana or added amino acids extend life span compared with a sugar solution of similar composition; (ii) compared with this sugar solution, other cohorts (banana juice-amino acid enriched) did not have significantly higher reproductive outputs; (iii) yeast does not represent a valuable source of nutrients; (iv) caloric restriction may cause decreased life span and rate of reproduction; and (v) increased rates of reproduction have a life span cost. |
| Keywords: | Adult diet caloric restriction cost of reproduction fruit feeding longevity longitudinal data protein reproduction starvation tropical butterfly yeast |