国外环境生物技术的发展和展望

环境生物技术在社会的发展中起着越来越重要的积极作用，相关产业也随之迅速发展起来，环境治理要依赖对生物，尤其是微生物及其生理，生化特性的了解和认识，从而可以对其生理，生化和遗传方面的性能加以利用。在这方面，分离解毒微生物及阐明毒物降解过程和机理仍是现在研究的焦点，与此同时，对遗传基因方面的研究和利用还有许多研究工作待进行，监测和跟踪微生物已进入到了分子水平，而传感监测方面已有一些可喜的成果正在向生产转化，生物修复作为消除污染的手段正治理中发挥巨大的作用，但环境保护的根本应是在于进行无污染产生的生产，也称之为绿色生产，未来的社会中，环境生物技术仍对将社会产生巨大的影响，对环境保护起到重要的作用，特别是在新型生物能源的开发和探索方面，本文同时也对世界不同地区在环境生物技术的发展及其特点进行了综述。

Environmental Biotechnology: Development and Perspectives

Environmental biotechnology has become an indispensable component of our current society dealing with pollution reduction and cleaning up the contaminated sites.Since the early 1950s, research in this area has been focused on the followings:1) assess biodegradability of chemicals important to human health in natural environments; 2) isolate and characterize bacteria for their abilities in degrading particular pollutants or transformation of metals; 3)explore genetic manipulation of the genes encoding degradabiligy of specific chemicals and apply genetic engineered microorganisms in the waste treatment of cleaning up; 4)monitor degradative microorganisms in a wide range of environments or reactors, and probe for such microorganisms the introduced environments; 5) develop new technology for the detection of microorganisms and identification of pathogens without culturing; and 6)expand research on biological based new energy innovation.All these have contributed to the reduction of waste and biodegradation of toxic materials;and, as a result, environmental industries have also been developed in the developed countries. The most important question facing the production industries today is that green production should be implemented, so that no further wastes will be generated. Apart from elimination of sources of pollution,cleaning up and bioremediation will continue to play an important role in our future society.