Directed dispersal of mistletoe (Plicosepalus acaciae) by Yellow-vented Bulbuls (Pycnonotus xanthopygos) |
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Authors: | Adam K Green David Ward and Megan E Griffiths |
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Institution: | (1) Department of Wildlife Ecology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA;(2) Biological Sciences Department, Santa Barbara City College, Santa Barbara, CA 93109, USA;(3) Mitrani Department of Desert Ecology, Blaustein Institute for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Sede Boqer Campus, 84990, Israel;(4) Present address: School of Biological and Conservation Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X01, Scottsville, 3209, South Africa |
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Abstract: | We studied avian dispersal of seeds from the hemiparasitic mistletoe Plicosepalus acaciae (Loranthaceae) to its tree hosts Acacia raddiana and A. tortilis in the Syrian–African Rift (Arava) valley, Israel. The Yellow-vented Bulbul (Pycnonotus xanthopygos) was the sole avian visitor observed feeding on mistletoe fruits. Bulbuls consumed mistletoe fruits whenever they were available,
but the fruits only constituted a significant portion of the diet (71% of foraging attempts) when they were most abundant.
These birds are potentially good dispersal vectors of P. acaciae because they swallowed the fruit whole and defecated viable seeds that were covered in a viscid pulp, which allowed the seeds
to adhere to substrates when voided. In addition, bulbuls spent a large proportion (66–93%) of total observation time perched
in Acacia trees, allowing for directed dispersal. Ephemeral river valleys (wadis) with high mistletoe infection were adjacent to those
containing no infections, demonstrating that mistletoe dispersal is common within, but not among wadis. This is consistent
with the flight behaviour in bulbuls, which do not typically move among wadis. We combined data on bulbul movements between
Acacia trees with transit times of mistletoe seeds to create a hypothetical seed shadow as a function of distance from the parent
mistletoe plant. Because they are directed dispersers, the movement patterns of bulbuls may explain the current distribution
of P. acaciae in the Arava valley. |
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Keywords: | Directed dispersal Foraging behaviour Frugivory Negev desert Seed shadow Transit time |
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