南京直立人与印尼、周口店直立人的面颅形态比较

本文对南京直立人1号头骨与印尼Sangiran17头骨和周口店11号头骨作面颅形态上的比较。结果表明,南京1号头骨的面颅与周口店11号头骨的有许多共同的形态:较小的面颅尺寸、眶下区呈扁平状、较扁平的上部颜面、眶上圆枕较纤细、中眶型的眼眶、发育有颧切迹、上颌骨颧突基部位置较高等。南京1号头骨的面颅在另外一些方面显示出与Sangiran17头骨的形态上相近:阔上面型的面型、眶上圆枕内侧部比外侧部稍靠前、眶上圆枕下缘略呈平直状、鼻梁发育有中矢锐嵴、鼻梁横向呈峰状拱起、颧骨下缘外展、颧结节相对位置稍偏外侧、颧骨较高等。南京直立人面颅兼具周口店直立人11号头骨的和印尼直立人Sangiran17头骨的形态。从南京直立人的面颅形态可以推测我国南方的与北方的直立人群之间在体质形态上已经出现一定程度的地理变异。南京1号头骨面颅上的某些形态特征,如颧骨下缘外展等,可能反映了特征的梯度变异现象。这些特征的梯度变异的成因目前还很难确定。

Comparison of Homo sapiens erectus from Nanjing with Those from Zhoukoudian and Sangiran in Facial Morphology

Nanjing, the Homo sapiens erectus fossil site, is a geographical intermediary between Zhoukoudian, North China, and Sangiran, Indonesia. Fortunately, the Nanjing 1 cranium preserves facial skeleton, which is comparable with those from Zhoukoudian and Sangiran. To examine the geographic variation of Homo sapiens erectus in China, a comparison of Nanjing 1 with Sangiran 17 and Zhoukoudian 11 in facial morphology is made in this paper. The comparison shows that Nanjing 1 resembles Zhoukoudian 11 in many features, including smaller face, flat infraorbital region, flatter upper face, less massive supraorbital torus, mesoconchy orbit, obtuse angle shape of inferolateral margin of the orbit, clear expression of the malar incisure, and high base of zygomatic process of maxilla. However, Nanjing 1 resembles Sangiran 17 in other features. These features include broad face, the supraorbital torus projecting more medially than laterally in superion view, relatively horizontal orientation of the inferior border of the supraorbital torus, distinct internasal keeling, tented shape of saddle in transverse section, eversion of the low border of the zygomatic, a more laterally situated malar tubercle, and a higher zygomatic bone. Nanjing 1, as Hexian does, is a morphological intermediary between Zhoukoudian and Sagiran, and suggests a geographic variation between North and South Homo sapiens erectus in China. The morphology of Nanjing 1 supportsthe contention that "There may have been a gradient in morphology running from the north to the south of East Asia"( Wolpoff, 1999) .