Characterization of membrane foulants in a pilot-scale powdered activated carbon–membrane bioreactor for drinking water treatment |
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| Institution: | 1. School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Tianjin Polytechnic University, Tianjin 300387, China;2. State Key Laboratory of Hollow Fiber Membrane Materials and Processes, Tianjin Polytechnic University, Tianjin 300387, China;3. Section Sanitary Engineering, Department of Water Management, Faculty of Civil Engineering and Geosciences, Delft University of Technology, P.O. Box 5048, 2600GA Delft, The Netherlands;4. The Second Oil Production Plant of Daqing Oilfield, Daqing 163414, China;1. Université de Toulouse, INSA, UPS, INP, LISBP, 135 Avenue de Rangueil, F-31077 Toulouse, France;2. INRA, UMR792 Ingénierie des Systèmes Biologiques et des Procédés, F-31400 Toulouse, France;3. CNRS, UMR5504, F-31400 Toulouse, France;4. Technische Universitat Dresden, Institute of Urban Water Management, Chair of Water Supply Engineering, 01062 Dresden, Germany;1. State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment (SKLUWRE), Harbin Institute of Technology, 73 Huanghe Road, Nangang District, Harbin 1500090, China;2. Scientific Research Department, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China;1. Singapore Membrane Technology Centre, Nanyang Environment and Water Research Institute, Nanyang Technological University, 1 Cleantech Loop, CleanTech One #06-08, Singapore 637141, Singapore;2. Singapore Centre on Environmental Life Sciences Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637551, Singapore;3. Centre for Marine Bio-Innovation, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia;4. Institute of Environmental and Process Engineering, HSR University of Applied Sciences Rapperswil, Oberseestrasse 10, 8640 Rapperswil, Switzerland;5. School of Electrical & Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798, Singapore;6. Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Ueberlandstrasse 133, 8600 Duebendorf, Switzerland;7. School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798, Singapore |
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| Abstract: | The external and internal foulants of a pilot-scale powdered activated carbon–membrane bioreactor (PAC–MBR) used for drinking water treatment were systematically examined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), three-dimensional excitation emission matrix (EEM) fluorescence spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and energy diffusive X-ray (EDX) analysis. The results showed that external fouling, which comprised 31.68% of the total fouling, was caused by the deposition of a large amount of biological PAC on the membrane surface. Bacteria and organic matter comprised only a small fraction of the external foulants. Biologically derived proteins and polysaccharides were the major constituents of the internal foulants. EDX analysis indicated that the external and internal foulants also included inorganic elements such as Mg, Al, Si, Ca, Mn and Fe. During the operation of PAC–MBR, low flux and effective physical cleaning protocols should be adopted; proteins, polysaccharides and inorganic elements in the bioreactor should also be controlled. |
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| Keywords: | Powdered activated carbon (PAC) Membrane bioreactor (MBR) Internal foulants External foulants Drinking water treatment |
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