Instability of, and generation of hydrogen peroxide by, phenolic compounds in cell culture media

Many papers in the literature have described complex effects of flavonoids and other polyphenols on cells in culture. In this paper we show that hydroxytyrosol, delphinidin chloride and rosmarinic acid are unstable in three commonly-used cell culture media (Dulbecco’s modified Eagle’s medium (DMEM), RPMI 1640 (RPMI) and Minimal Essential Medium Eagle (MEM)) and undergo rapid oxidation to generate H₂O₂. This may have confounded some previous studies on the cellular effects of these compounds. By contrast, apigenin, curcumin, hesperetin, naringenin, resveratrol and tyrosol did not generate significant H₂O₂ levels in these media. Nevertheless, curcumin and, to a lesser extent, resveratrol (but not tyrosol) were also unstable in DMEM, so the absence of detectable H₂O₂ production by a compound in cell culture media should not be equated to stability of that compound. Compound instability and generation of H₂O₂ must be taken into account in interpreting effects of phenolic compounds on cells in culture.