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Anaerobic ammonium oxidation discovered in a denitrifying fluidized bed reactor
Authors:A Mulder  AA van de  Graaf LA Robertson  JG Kuenen
Institution:Gist-brocades, Postbus 1, 2600 MA Delft, the Netherlands;Kluyver Laboratory for Biotechnology, Department of Microbiology and Enzymology, Delft University of Technology, Julianalaan 67, 2628 BC Delft, the Netherlands
Abstract:Abstract Until now, oxidation of ammonium has only been known to proceed under aerobic conditions. Recently, we observed that NH4+ was disappearing from a denitrifying fluidized bed reactor treating effluent from a methanogenic reactor. Both nitrate and ammonium consumption increased with concomitant gas production. A maximum ammonium removal rate of 0.4 kg N · m−3 · d−1 (1.2 mM/h) was observed. The evidence for this anaerobic ammonium oxidation was based on nitrogen and redox balances in continuous-flow experiments. It was shown that for the oxidation of 5 mol ammonium, 3 mol nitrate were required, resulting in the formation of 4 mol dinitrogen gas. Subsequent batch experiments confirmed that the NH4+ conversion was nitrate dependent. It was concluded that anaerobic ammonium oxidation is a new process in which ammonium is oxidized with nitrate serving as the electron acceptor under anaerobic conditions, producing dinitrogen gas. This biological process has been given the name ‘Anammox” (anaerobic ammonium oxidation), and has been patented.
Keywords:Ammonium removal  Anaerobiosis  Denitrification  Waste water  Nitrification
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