Human Immunodeficiency Virus Neurotropism: an Analysis of Viral Replication and Cytopathicity for Divergent Strains in Monocytes and Microglia |
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Authors: | Anuja Ghorpade Adeline Nukuna MyHanh Che Sheryl Haggerty Yuri Persidsky Eboni Carter Leeroy Carhart Laura Shafer and Howard E Gendelman |
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Institution: | Center for Neurovirology and Neurodegenerative Disorders and the Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 68198 |
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Abstract: | Productive replication of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) in brain macrophages and microglia is a critical component of viral neuropathogenesis. However, how virus-macrophage interactions lead to neurological disease remains incompletely understood. Possibly, a differential ability of virus to replicate in brain tissue macrophages versus macrophages in other tissues underlies HIV-1 neurovirulence. To these ends, we established systems for the isolation and propagation of pure populations of human microglia and then analyzed the viral life cycles of divergent HIV-1 strains in these cells and in cultured monocytes by using identical viral inocula and indicator systems. The HIV-1 isolates included those isolated from blood, lung tissue, cerebrospinal fluids (CSF), and brain tissues of infected subjects: HIV-1ADA and HIV-189.6 (from peripheral blood mononuclear cells), HIV-1DJV and HIV-1JR-FL (from brain tissue), HIV-1SF162 (from CSF), and HIV-1BAL (from lung tissue). The synthesis of viral nucleic acids and viral mRNA, cytopathicity, and release of progeny virions were assessed. A significant heterogeneity among macrophage-tropic isolates for infection of monocytes and microglia was demonstrated. Importantly, a complete analysis of the viral life cycle revealed no preferential differences in the abilities of the HIV-1 strains tested to replicate in microglia and/or monocytes. Macrophage tropism likely dictates the abilities of HIV-1 to invade, replicate, and incite disease within its microglial target cells. |
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