华南主要作物和蔬果类现代花粉形态及农业考古研究价值

本文对华南地区主要的19科31种作物和蔬果类花粉进行了形态学研究,包括镜下观察、拍照和特征描述与对比。本研究涉及的花粉包括粮食作物4种,蔬菜类16种,水果类8种,油料和经济作物3种等。结果表明,不同作物的花粉在形态、大小、萌发器官和外壁纹饰等方面有明显的差别,同一科植物花粉的主要形态虽有相似之处,但根据某些细微结构特征,并通过统计学方法在一定程度上可以对相近的种类进行区别。本文对十字花科芸苔属4种蔬菜花粉(油菜、芥菜、菜心和小白菜)的扁率(赤道轴长/极轴长)以及外壁网眼长轴长度分别进行测量,发现外壁网眼长轴长度对于4种蔬菜的区分不明显,而扁率则分异显著,可为十字花科花粉种属判别提供依据。对重庆阿蓬江涪碛口遗址剖面中自明清时期以来的伴人植物十字花科花粉赤道轴长与外壁网眼长轴长度进行了测量,判别出文化层中的十字花科花粉可能为菜心类型。稻田中保存的水稻花粉直径约为34—38μm,结合水稻花粉的其它特征可以应用到全新世地层的水稻花粉鉴定。

POLLEN MORPHOLOGY OF MODERN PRINCIPAL CROPS,VEGETABLES AND FRUITS IN SOUTH CHINA AND THEIR VALUE FOR AGRICULTURAL ARCHAEOLOGY

Using light microscope,pollen morphology of principal 31 species belonging to 19 families of crops,vegetables and fruits in South China has been studied.The taxa include 4 species from grain crops,16 from vegetable crops,8 from fruits,3 from oil crops and economic crops.Result shows that many species or genus of the crops can be re-cognized through their pollens characters of size,aperture,surface sculpture and so on.Despite the similarities of pollen morphology of different species in the same family,we can still distinguish some species by their minor diffe-rences existing among them.For instance,the wild species of Poaceae can be distinguished from cultivated crop by their size and many other features.In this study,we measured the oblateness(the length’s ratio of the equator axis and the polar axis) and the long-axis length of exine mesh for Cruciferous vegetable pollen(Brassica campestris Linn.,B.alboglabra Bailey,B.parachinensis L.H.Bailey and B.chinensis Linn.).The results demonstrate that the differences of the long-axis length of exine mesh among the above four Cruciferae pollen are moderate.However,the oblateness was different significantly,which provide strong evidence for discriminating the four species in the Cruciferae.We further compared the exine mesh of the Cruciferae pollen between modern pollen and the anthropogenic material from the Ming-Qing cultural layer at the Fuqikou site of Chongqing.It is demonstrated that fossil Cruciferae pollen is likely a vegetable plant belongs to Brassica parachinensis L.H.Bailey.Moreover,the study on the diameter of rice pollen from rice field shows that the pollen sizes range from 34 to 38 μm,which can be applied to the rice pollen identification of the Holocene together with other pollen features.