宁夏贺兰山自然保护区蝴蝶群落多样性及其环境影响因子

宁夏贺兰山自然保护区蝴蝶群落多样性及其与环境因素的关系,2017年5-9月采用样线法对贺兰山东麓6类生境和不同干扰类型10条样线的蝴蝶群落结构及其多样性季节动态进行调查。共记录蝴蝶5科36属45种,蛱蝶科Nymphalidae的属和物种数最多,为17属19种;凤蝶科Papilionidae最少,仅1属1种。菜粉蝶Pieris rapae、云粉蝶Pontia daplidice、斑缘豆粉蝶Colias erate和小檗绢粉蝶Aporia hippia是该地区的优势种,个体数量分别占总个体数的11.76%、11.63%、11.21%和10.17%。不同生境样线优势类群和常见类群不同。蝴蝶的栖息地偏好与寄主植物有关,蝴蝶的生境分布类型可分为生境广布型、湿润平原型、荒漠半荒漠草原型和山地森林型。蝴蝶群落Shannon-Wiener多样性和丰富度指数以灰榆疏林草地生境最高,优势度最低。各物种在生境内的季节变化趋势与不同生境植被生长季节相关,高峰期为7-8月。不同调查时间蝴蝶的优势种和常见种不同。物种数以7月份调查最多,有33种,占全年调查总物种数的73.33%;5月份调查最少,有20种。蝴蝶群落Shannon-Wiener多样性和丰富度指数以8月份最大,5月份最小。蝴蝶成虫发生类型分为全年发生型、春季型、夏季型和夏秋季型。不同生境和季节发生的优势种可以作为对生境状况进行评估的指示类群。采用CCA分析物种分布与微环境因子的关系,海拔对蝴蝶物种多样性分布格局有显著影响。蝴蝶丰富度与海拔、温度、风速显著正相关。适度干扰有利于蝶类多样性增加,较强的人为干扰会影响蝶类栖息环境,降低蝶类多样性。因此,生境差异性和干扰与蝴蝶群落的物种多样性密切相关,维持贺兰山垂直植被带的生境异质性和保持适度干扰是保护蝴蝶多样性的关键。

Diversity of butterflies community and its environmental factors in Helan Mountain Nature Reserve, Ningxia

The diversity of butterflies community and its relationship with environmental factors in Helan Mountain Nature Reserve of Ningxia was analyzed. The community structure and species diversity of butterfly were investigated from 10 line transects of six vegetation habitats and different interference types from May to September 2017 in the east of Helan Mountains in Ningxia. A total of 2 891 individuals of 45 butterfly species were observed belonging to 36 genera and 5 families from 10 sampling transects of six vegetation habitats along the elevation gradient. Lycaenidae had 17 genera and 19 species, with the most species number and genera, Papilionidae had 1 genus and 1 species, with the least number Pieris rapae, Pontia daplidice, Colias erate and Aporia hippia were dominant species in this area, accounting for 11.76%, 11.63%, 11.21% and 10.17% of the total number of individuals, respectively. The community composition and dominant species of butterfly were also significant differences among different habitats. The habitat preference of butterflies is often linked with the food source and can be divided into widely distributed type, wet plains type, desert and semi desert grasslands type and mountain forest type. Among the plots, butterfly community of desert and semi desert grassland had the highest Shannon Wiener diversity and species richness, and lowest dominance. Butterflies seasonal activities peak were in July and August and various species in vertical vegetation zones have different seasonal trend. The number of species in July was the most with 33 species accounting for 73.33% of the total species for the year, but them in May was the lowest. The Shannon Wiener diversity and species richness of butterfly communities were the largest in August and the smallest in May. The occurrence type of butterfly species can be divided into perennial occurrence type, spring type, summer type, summer and autumn type Based on the distribution of butterfly species from the 10 sampling transects, CCA was performed to analyze the relationships between species and microenvironment factors. Elevation that had significant effects on the distribution patterns of total butterfly species. Using Pearson''s correlation analysis, butterfly richness were highly correlated with altitude, temperature and wind speed. Therefore, the dominant species in different habitats and seasons can be used as indicator groups for evaluating habitat status Moderate disturbance is beneficial to increase the butterflies diversity, but strong anthropogenic interference will affect the habitat of butterflies and reduce the butterflies diversity. Therefore, the community composition and diversity of butterfly were closely related to the spatial heterogeneity and moderate interference, which will help to maintain or increase the species diversity of butterfly.