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坡度和植被盖度对粉砂质河岸带坡面流侵蚀水动力特征的影响
引用本文:张祎帆,赵清贺,丁圣彦,曹梓豪,刘璞,吴长松,卞子亓.坡度和植被盖度对粉砂质河岸带坡面流侵蚀水动力特征的影响[J].生态学杂志,2017,28(8):2488-2498.
作者姓名:张祎帆  赵清贺  丁圣彦  曹梓豪  刘璞  吴长松  卞子亓
作者单位:1.河南大学黄河中下游数字地理技术教育部重点实验室, 河南开封 475004 ;2.河南大学环境与规划学院, 河南开封 475004
基金项目:本文由中国博士后科学基金项目(2015T80766,2014M550382)、国家自然科学基金项目(41301197,41371195)和河南省高校科技创新团队支持计划项目(16IRTSTHN012)资助
摘    要:揭示坡面水流水动力参数特征对于深入了解坡面土壤侵蚀的内在机制具有重要意义.本试验在黄河下游河岸带原生坡面上,采用野外模拟径流冲刷的方法,研究了4个坡度(5°、10°、15°、20°)和3个植被盖度(0%、15%、30%)在特定放水量(15 L·min-1)条件下坡面薄层水流剥蚀土壤的水动力学过程,分析了径流剪应力(τ)、水流功率(ω)、径流能量(F)等水动力学参数的变化及其对坡度、植被盖度以及二者交互作用的响应差异.结果表明: 在坡度和植被盖度的影响下,τ、ωF变化规律明显,坡度不变情况下,τ随着植被盖度的增加而增加,ωF随着植被盖度的增加而减小;植被盖度不变情况下,τ、ωF均随坡度的增加而增加.坡度小于10°时,坡度和植被盖度的变化对坡面土壤侵蚀的影响不明显;坡度大于10°时,相同坡度条件下植被盖度越大减蚀效果越明显,相同植被盖度下坡面侵蚀量随坡度的增大而增加.τ、ω均与土壤剥蚀率呈显著的线性关系,在土壤侵蚀发生时均存在临界剪应力和临界功率;F与土壤剥蚀率则呈现良好的对数关系.双因素方差分析表明,坡度和植被盖度对τ、ωF的影响显著,两者的交互作用对ω影响显著,但对τF的影响不显著.

关 键 词:坡面侵蚀  径流冲刷  水动力特征  交互作用  河岸带
收稿时间:2016-12-01

Effects of slope gradient and vegetation coverage on hydrodynamic characteristics of overland flow on silty riparian slope
ZHANG Yi-fan,ZHAO Qing-he,DING Sheng-yan,CAO Zi-hao,LIU Pu,WU Chang-song,BIAN Zi-qi.Effects of slope gradient and vegetation coverage on hydrodynamic characteristics of overland flow on silty riparian slope[J].Chinese Journal of Ecology,2017,28(8):2488-2498.
Authors:ZHANG Yi-fan  ZHAO Qing-he  DING Sheng-yan  CAO Zi-hao  LIU Pu  WU Chang-song  BIAN Zi-qi
Institution:;1.Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Geospatial Technology for the Middle and Lower Yellow River Regions, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, Henan, China ;2.College of Environment and Planning, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, Henan, China
Abstract:Revealing the hydrodynamic characteristics is essentially important for understanding the internal mechanism of slope soil erosion. Through a series of simulated runoff scouring experiments conducted in riparian zones of the lower reaches of Yellow River, this paper studied the hydrodynamic process of soil erosion with overland flow on riparian slopes under four different slope gradients (5°, 10°, 15°, 20°) and three levels of vegetation coverage (0%, 15%, 30%) at the same scouring inflow rate (15 L·min-1), meanwhile, we analyzed the changes of the hydrodynamic parameters, including the flow shear stress (τ), stream power (ω), and unit flow energy (F), and their responses to slope gradient, vegetation coverage and their interaction effects as well. The results indicated that τ, ω and F showed clear change rules under the effects of slope gradient and vegetation coverage. With fixed slope gradients, τ increased while ω and F decreased with the increase of vegetation coverage. Nonetheless, τ, ω and F all increased with the growth of slope gradient under the same vegetation coverage. The effect of changes in both slope gradient and vegetation coverage on soil erosion was insignificant on the slope less than 10°, while the effect of vegetation coverage on reducing soil erosion rate was obvious on the slope more than 10°. Similarly, the slope soil erosion yield aggravated significantly with the increase of slope gradient under the same vegetation coverage. Moreover, the soil erosion rate showed a good linear relationship with both τ and ω, and they both had critical flow shear stress and threshold stream power throughout the whole soil erosion process. F showed a good logarithmic relationship with soil erosion rate. Based on the double factor variance analysis, the effects of slope gradient and vegetation coverage on τ, ω and F were significant, while their interaction effect was significant only on ω, and insignificant on τ and F.
Keywords:slope erosion  runoff scouring  hydrodynamic characteristics  interaction  riparian zone
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