胶州湾生源要素的大气沉降及其生态效应研究进展

作为受人类活动影响显著的典型半封闭海湾,胶州湾生源要素的大气沉降研究在揭示人为污染物质排放对海湾生态系统影响方面具有典型性.从大气干/湿沉降生源要素的研究方法、通量及其影响因素、入海生态效应3个方面入手,系统总结了胶州湾生源要素大气干、湿沉降及其生态效应的研究进展:1)与国内外有关海湾、河口和边缘海相比,胶州湾大气干、湿沉降氮的浓度和通量都较高,溶解无机氮(DIN)是其主要组分,溶解有机氮(DON)占总溶解态氮(TDN)含量的22%～31%,而P和Si的浓度和沉降通量都很低.2) (NO₃^--N+NO₂^--N)的大气沉降量比陆源输入量略高,而NH₄⁺-N、PO₄^3--P以及SiO₃^2--Si的大气沉降量所占比例很低.3)大气总悬浮颗粒物(TSP)浓度、排放源强度、降水量以及气象条件是影响胶州湾大气沉降生源要素的主要因素.4)大气沉降的生源要素可促进胶州湾初级生产力的提高和改变表层海水的营养盐结构,进而导致浮游植物群落结构的改变和优势种由硅藻向甲藻的演替,从而对胶州湾生态系统产生重要影响.对今后的研究提出建议:1)建设胶州湾大气干/湿沉降监测网;2)精确量化不同形态和粒径生源要素颗粒的干沉降速率;3)量化大气沉降生源要素入海的生态效应,并深入剖析其生物地球化学机制;4)甄别大气沉降生源要素通过间接方式入海的机制、通量及影响因素.深入研究胶州湾生源要素的大气沉降,对阐明人类活动对海湾生态系统的影响有积极意义,也有助于加深对陆架边缘海生源要素生物地球化学循环过程的理解.

Atmospheric depositions of biogenic elements and their ecological effects on marine ecosystem of Jiaozhou Bay: A review

As a typical semi-closed bay, Jiaozhou Bay, is remarkably affected by human activities. Biogenic elements transported into the oceans by the atmospheric deposition of anthropogenic particles can lead to profound impacts on the ecosystem of Jiaozhou Bay. In this paper, the researches of atmospheric dry and wet depositions in the Jiaozhou Bay were systematically summarized from the following three aspects: study methods, variation characteristics of the fluxes and their influencing factors and the ecological effects of atmospheric deposition. The concentrations and fluxes of nitrogen species in atmospheric dry and wet depositions were very high in the Jiaozhou Bay compared with other bays, estuaries and marginal seas around the world. The dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN) was the main component of the total dissolved nitrogen (TDN) and the dissolved organic nitrogen (DON) accounted for 22%-31% of TDN. However, the concentrations and fluxes of phosphate and silicate species were very low. The atmospheric deposition fluxes of (NO₃^--N+NO₂^--N) were slightly higher than terrestrial inputs, while the fluxes of NH₄⁺-N, PO₄^3--P and SiO₃^2--Si were very low compared with terrestrial inputs. The concentration of total suspended particulates (TSP) in the air, the intensity of the emission sources, precipitation amount and meteorological conditions are the major factors influencing the atmospheric depositions of biogenic elements, which can increase the primary productivity, change the structure of nutrients and the structure of phytoplankton communities in surface seawater and further promote the succession of phytoplankton dominant species from diatom to dinoflagellate in the Jiaozhou Bay. On that basis, the future research should be focused on constructing the monitoring network for atmospheric dry and wet depositions, accurately quantifying the deposition rates of aerosol particles of different forms and sizes, recognizing the ecological effects and biogeochemical mechanisms of atmospheric depositions of biogenic elements and discriminating the mechanisms, fluxes and influencing factors of atmospheric deposition biogenic elements via indirect approaches such as overland runoff, sheetflood and permeation etc. It is significant for illuminating the effects of anthropogenic activities on the coastal waters as well as understanding the bio-geochemical processes of biogenic elements in marginal seas by elucidating atmospheric depositions of biogenic elements in the Jiaozhou Bay.