江西红壤坡地柑橘园生态水文特征及水土保持效益

在江西省水土保持生态科技园对标准柑橘试验小区生态水文特征进行9年的定位观测,设置7个处理,研究柑橘园生态水文特征及水土保持效益.结果表明： 7个处理的平均减流率和减沙率分别为78.5%和77.2%,其中，林下百喜草(Paspalum natatu)带状覆盖、百喜草全园覆盖和水平梯田+梯壁植草减流率较高,分别为94.8%、94.3%和92.5%;柑橘清耕地减流率较低,为33.1%；林下套种黄豆和萝卜减流率居中,为66.0%和77.5%,且横坡耕作优于纵坡耕作.对2009-2010年发生的43场平均降雨量为20.07 mm的雨水柑橘林冠再分配格局进行观测,穿透降〖JP2〗雨量平均为9.15 mm,树干茎流量平均为4.72 mm,林冠截留量平均为620 mm,分别占林外降雨量的44.7%、25.7%和29.6%.随着林外降雨量的增大,林冠层的穿透雨量、茎流量呈递增趋势.当降雨量<10 mm时,树冠截留率与林外降雨之间呈显著的线性负相关；当降雨量>10 mm时,二者之间的相关性不明显.柑橘枯落物的持水率与浸水时间呈对数回归关系,最大持水率达326%.合理的林下植被配置对柑橘果园的水土保持具有重要作用.

Strategic thinking on modeling and simulation of complex ecosystems

An ecosystem could be regarded as a complex system with hierarchical architecture. Due to the lack of standardization and integration, the current modeling and simulation of complex ecosystems could not fit in with the further development of modern ecology. A primary reason for this is that very few reviews on modeling and simulation of complex ecosystems have been presented. In this regard, this paper proposes a general framework for modeling and simulation of complex ecosystems. Based on the framework, systems and system models are taken as two kinds of main agents, and the strategies for modeling and simulation of complex ecosystems are discussed in terms of two approaches-top-down system analysis and bottom-up model realization (i.e. system integration). It is intended to provide a useful guidance for further case studies on modeling and simulation of complex ecosystems.