青藏公路对藏羚羊、藏原羚和藏野驴活动的影响

2003年8月和2004年8月,在可可西里国家自然保护区通过实地调查,分析了青藏公路运营对藏羚羊(Pantholops hodgsoni)、藏原羚(Procapra picticaudata)和藏野驴(Equus kiang)行为活动的影响.结果表明:藏野驴对青藏公路形成了回避,其在距路基1 001～2 000和2 001～3 000 m区域内的种群密度显著高于0～500 m的区域(P＜0.05);青藏公路对藏羚羊、藏原羚的行为活动产生了一定程度的干扰,尤其是对藏羚羊,其在距路基0～500 m区域内的行为活动与距路基2000 m之外的区域具有极显著差异(P＜0.01).同时,因其群体数量大,个体通过公路所花费的时间长,需要很长的车辆行驶间隔才能通过公路,故受车辆运输的干扰最大,无法顺利通过公路.研究还发现,在白天的不同时间段,藏羚羊、藏原羚在公路附近的数量分布与各时间段内的车流量呈极显著负相关,这有利于其穿越公路,说明野生动物通过自身的适应和行为调节可以减少环境改变所造成的影响.

Effects of Qinghai-Tibetan highway on the activities of Pantholops hodgsoni ,Procapra picticaudata and Equus kiang

Field surveys were made in the Kekexili National Nature Reserve in August 2003 and August 2004 to study the effects of Qinghai-Tibetan highway (QTH) on the activities of Tibetan antelope (Pantholops hodgsoni), Tibetan gazelle (Procapra picticaudata) and Kyang (Equus kiang). The results showed that the population density of Kyang was significantly lower within the area of 0-500 m than of 1 001-3 000 m from QTH, indicating the shyness of Kyang to the highway. QTH also had definite disturbance on the activities of Tibetan antelope and Tibetan gazelle. Especially for Tibetan antelope, its moving, feeding and alert behaviors had a significant difference between the areas of 0-500 m and of >2000 m from QTH. Furthermore, traffic could enhance the barrier effect of QTH, which made a grievous disturbance for the crossing movement of Tibetan antelope and Tibetan gazelle, especially for the former. Tibetan antelope was unable to cross QTH successfully, because of its large group size and the high time expenditure for its crossing. At daytime, the amounts of Tibetan antelope and Tibetan gazelle nearby the QTH had a significant negative correlation with those of the vehicles (unit/half hour) on the highway, suggesting that wild animals could habituate themselves to the changes of surroundings by adjusting their behaviors.