我国过鱼设施建设需求、成果及存在的问题

本文首先阐述了水利水电工程对河流连通性的影响以及修建过鱼设施的对策,然后从河流破碎化程度和鱼类洄游习性的角度分析了国内建设过鱼设施的需求,介绍了国内建设过鱼设施的成果,最后提出了6点过鱼设施相关问题和建议:(1)利用多指标量化评价的方法,科学地确定过鱼对象;(2)以复杂流场为背景条件,贴合实际地推进鱼类上溯行为研究;(3)对过鱼设施加大资金投入,扩大设施规模,加大过鱼设施过水流量(至少应为河流流量的1%);(4)为鱼类下行、低水头水工建筑物引起的跌水河段建设过鱼设施;(5)扩大过鱼效果评估的覆盖面,提高监测时长和频率,提出有广泛适用性的监测评估方法;(6)栖息地修复、增殖放流、生态调度、分层取水等多手段联动,确保鱼类通过过鱼设施后仍然能够生存。

Demand,achievement and issues of fish passage facilities in China

We summarized the effects of water resources and hydropower engineering on river connectivity and the strategies in construction of fish passage facilities. We further analyzed demands for facilities construction in China from the aspects of river fragmentation and fish migration,and introduced the achievements of facilities construction in China. We had recommendations on six issues of fish passage facilities:(1) Scientifically select target fish species using quantitative and multi-factorial methods.(2) Conduct experiments on fish swimming behaviors under more natural conditions,using large swim channels and more complex flow patterns.(3)Invest in large fishways with high flows(> 1% river flow) to attract and pass more fish.(4)Build facilities that could assist downstream passage of fish and allow fish to pass low-head hydraulic structures.(5) Expand data collection by increasing the number of monitoring sites and the duration and frequency of monitoring.(6) Work cooperatively on fish habitat restoration,breed/release programs,ecological operation of dams,and stratified water intakes to improve fish passage facilities and fish stocks.