人为干扰对滇池湖滨区湿地高等植物种类组成的影响

引种高等植物构建半自然湿地生态系统,是修复遭受严重污染和破坏的湖泊湿地的重要方法之一.以2011-2012年滇池湖滨区26个样点128个样方的调查数据为基础,结合1960-1970年的研究资料,探讨了人为活动对滇池湖滨区高等植物种类的影响.结果表明: 2012年在滇池湖滨区共发现湿地高等植物88科299种,其中本土植物181种,外来植物118种(包括32种入侵物种);在42种水生植物中,13种为外来植物(包括2种入侵物种).与1960-1970年资料相比,新记录植物232种、已消失植物43种.其中,沉水植物、漂浮植物和浮叶植物分别减少了2种、2种和5种,挺水植物增加了8种.目前共有14个植物群落类型,新出现了以大薸、喜旱莲子草等外来植物为优势种的群落类型,而以海菜花、苦草等本土植物为优势种的植物群落已消失.在引种高等植物修复退化湖泊湿地时,应科学合理地选配植物物种,以免人工引发湿地退化.

Impacts of human disturbance on the species composition of higher plants in the wetlands around Dianchi Lake,Yunnan Province of Southwest China.

Introducing higher plants to build semi-natural wetland ecosystem is one of the key approaches to restore the wetlands and lakes that suffered from serious pollution and destruction. Based on the investigation data from 128 quadrats at 26 sampling sites in the wetlands around Dianchi Lake in December 2011-October 2012, and in combining with the references published in the 1960s, this paper discussed the impacts of human activities on the species composition of higher plants in the wetlands around the Lake. In 2012, there were 299 species of 88 families in the wetlands, of which, 181 species were native species, and 118 species were alien ones (including 32 invasive species). Of the 42 species of hydrophytes in the total species, 13 species were alien ones (including 2 invasive species). In comparing with the species data recorded in the 1960s, 232 plants were newly recorded and 43 species disappeared in 2012. Aquatic plants changed obviously. The decreased species were 2 submerged plants, 2 floating plants, and 5 floating leaved plants, and the increased species were 8 emergent plants. Fourteen community types were identified by cluster analysis, of which, the main communities were those dominated by alien species including Pistia stratiotes and Alternanthera philoxeroides. As compared with the data in the 1960s, the plant communities dominated by native species such as Ottelia acuminate and Vallisneria natans were not found presently. Therefore, in the practice of introducing higher plants to restore the degraded wetlands and lakes, it would be necessary to scientifically and appropriately select and blend plant species to avoid the wetland degradation by human activities.