施氮量对滴灌冬小麦冠层垂直结构特征、粒叶比及经济效益的影响

为进一步优化新疆滴灌小麦施肥技术,在大田滴灌条件下,采用单因素随机区组设计,共设置0 (N₀)、104(N₁)、173(N₂)、242 kg·hm^-2(N₃)4个施氮水平,研究不同施氮量对冬小麦花期叶、茎垂直分布及形态特征、冠层温湿度、粒叶比、产量及经济效益的影响.结果表明: 施氮处理较未施氮处理冬小麦各叶位叶长、叶宽均显著增加,株高变幅为65.57～81.58 cm;随施氮水平的提高,叶面积指数、各茎节粗均呈先升后降的变化趋势,在N₂处理达到峰值,分别为5.48和0.49 cm;冠层温、湿度日变化分别呈“凸”、“凹”型变化,温度表现为N₀>N₁>N₂>N₃,湿度变化趋势相反,≥35 ℃高温日持续时数随施氮量增大而缩短(缩短1～3.5 h不等);各施氮处理间粒叶比仅N₁、N₃间差异显著;产量及经济效益均以N₂处理最高,较N₀、N₁、N₃处理分别高32.8%、12.6%、5.2%和77.7%、5.4%、4.2%.本试验条件下,滴灌冬小麦施氮量控制在173 kg·hm^-2左右,冬小麦叶型、株型特征良好,冠层温湿度适宜,产量、经济效益高.

Effects of nitrogen application on canopy vertical structure,grain-leaf ratio and economic benefit of winter wheat under drip irrigation.

To optimize the fertilization rate of winter wheat under drip irrigation in Xinjiang region, a field investigation was carried out to assess effects of nitrogen (N) applications on canopy vertical structure, grain-leaf ratio, yield and economic benefit of winter wheat. Four rates of nitrogen application, 0 kg·hm^-2(N₀), 104 kg·hm^-2(N₁), 173 kg·hm^-2(N₂) and 242 kg·hm^-2(N₃) were set in a randomized block experimental design. Meantime, leaf and stem morphological characters, canopy temperature and humidity in flowering stage, grain-leaf area ratio, yield and yield components, economic benefits of winter wheat were observed under different treatments. The results showed that the leaf length and width at different positions of wheat under the nitrogen fertilization treatments were significantly higher than that without nitrogen fertilization (P<0.05), and plant height ranged from 65.57 to 81.58 cm. With an increasing rate of nitrogen fertilization, both leafarea index and stem diameter presented a trend of first increasing and then decreasing, and reached the maximum under N₂ treatment, which was 5.48 and 0.49 cm, respectively. Diurnal variation of canopy temperature and humidity were “convex” and “concave” shape, followed an order of N₀>N₁>N₂>N₃ in temperature, but reversely in canopy humidity. The duration of high temperature higher than 35 ℃ were shorten 1 hour to 3.5 hours as the nitrogen application level increased, and there was significant difference between N₁ and N₃ on grain-leaf ratio. Yield and economic be-nefit decreased initially and then increased with increasing nitrogen application. Yield and economic benefit of treatment N₂ were 32.8% and 77.7% higher than those of treatment N₀, 12.6% and 5.4% higher than those of treatment N₁, and 5.2% and 4.2% higher than those of treatment N₃, respectively. These results indicated that nitrogen application at about 173 kg·hm^-2 could be recommended as the optimum rate for winter wheat, which had good leaf and plant morphology, appropriate canopy temperature and humidity, high yield and economic efficiency in the experiment area.