生态系统管理的多目标体系和方法

20世纪90年代以来,人们开始采用“生态系统管理”这种基于生态系统原理的综合方法管理自然资源和生态环境,促进人类与自然的和谐发展。然而,生态系统自身的复杂性、动态性及不确定性特点使得“生态系统管理”难以形成明确的定义和方法体系,系统的多重尺度和目标也增加了管理的难度。近20年兴起的系统工程主要针对大规模复杂系统进行研究,实现系统的总体优化。多目标决策和决策支持系统是系统工程的常用技术方法,生态系统管理是“基于目标”的管理模式。本文概述了生态系统管理的概念和要素,从构建管理体系的角度着重阐述了生态系统管理目标体系的结构、构建过程及目标间的相互关系,针对生态系统的复杂特性探讨了多目标决策方法和决策支持系统在生态系统管理中的应用,以期能够对形成具有普遍意义和实际操作性的生态系统管理方法体系起到借鉴作用。

Ecosystem management: Its multi-objective system and methodology

Ecosystem management is a holistic approach for sustainable resources use and reasonable protection of the environment since the 1990s,and people wish to realize the harmonious development between human and nature through this approach.As an object being managed,ecosystems are complex,dynamic and uncertain,and always guided by sets of goals that may conflict in various ways.The ecosystem management process is thus composed of huge knowledge and mass work that is not so easy to accomplish.System engineering has been prevailing in many domains in recent 20 years,which mainly studies complex large-scale systems and synthetically optimizes them through analysis and design.As the popular methods of system engineering,multi-criteria optimization and decision support system are exactly suitable for the analytical and design process of ecosystem management.Ecosystem management is a goal oriented approach.This paper presented the definitions and primary elements of ecosystem management,and introduced the methodology that described the goal structure and goal compatibility of the system being managed as well as the techniques,such as multi-objective optimization and decision support system,which could be helpful in ecosystem management.