青藏高原高寒荒漠区藏羚适宜生境识别及其保护状况评估

藏羚作为青藏高原高寒荒漠区濒危有蹄类动物的典型代表,其生境保护对于维持其种群存续具有重要意义.本文考虑食物、地形、水系等藏羚关键生境因子及道路、居民点等人为干扰因子,基于生境适宜性模型,对青藏高原高寒荒漠区藏羚的潜在及有效生境适宜性进行了模拟分析.同时,基于保护比例及单位面积对适宜生境的捕获效率,评估了研究区内阿尔金山、可可西里和羌塘国家级自然保护区及其各功能分区的保护情况.结果表明： 青藏高原高寒荒漠区潜在和有效适宜生境面积分别为2.84×10⁵和2.08×10⁵ km²,人为干扰造成的生境退化达16.1%.其中,阿尔金山、可可西里和羌塘保护区所覆盖的潜在适宜生境面积分别为2.01×10⁴、3.13×10⁴和1.26×10⁵ km²;考虑道路、居民点等人为干扰因素,其有效适宜生境面积分别为1.75×10⁴、2.81×10⁴和9.95×10⁴ km²,上述干扰因素导致的生境减损率分别为12.9%、10.2%和21.1%,表明羌塘道路、居民点等人为干扰相对较严重.尽管目前该区域3大保护区保护了藏羚2/3以上的适宜生境,体现了良好的保护效率,但仍存在一定游离于保护体系之外的保护空缺.在保护区功能区划水平上,除核心区外,缓冲区和实验区的保护比例和保护效率也不容忽视.为强化对藏羚等濒危有蹄类的保护,有必要在保护区和功能分区水平上对现有保护体系进行优化调整,减少保护空缺、优化功能分区,提高保护体系对生境保护的有效性,并预先保护物种适应气候变化的潜在庇护所.

Identification and conservation assessment of suitable habitats for Tibetan antelope in the alpine desert,Qinghai Tibet Plateau.

As a flagship and one of most endangered ungulates in the alpine desert of Qinghai Tibet Plateau, the habitat conservation of Tibetan antelope (Pantholops hodgsonii) is vital to sustain its long term population existence. In consideration of key habitat factors of the Tibetan antelope (i.e., food, topography and water source) as well as human interference factors like roads and settlements, the habitat suitability was modeled, and potential and valid suitable habitats were identified for Tibetan antelope in the alpine desert, Qinghai Tibet Plateau. Furthermore, the conservation proportion index and conservation efficacy index were developed to facilitate the conservation assessment of three national reserves (i.e., Altun Mountain, Kekexili and Qiangtang) and their associated functional zones in the study area. The results showed that potential and valid area of suitable habitat across overall study area were 2.84×10⁵ and 2.08×10⁵ km² respectively, with 16.1% of suitable habitat loss by human disturbance. At reserve level, the potential suitable habitats of Altun Mountain, Kekexili and Qiangtang were 2.01×10⁴, 3.13×10⁴ and 1.26×10⁵ km², which however decreased by 12.9%, 10.2% and 21.1% human disturbance respectively, indicating a prominent habitat fragmentation especially in Qiangtang National Nature Reserve (NNR). Although three NNRs had captured nearly 2/3 of the potential/valid suitable habitats with favorable conservation efficacy, there were still obvious conservation gaps outside the existing reserve network. At the functional zone level, buffer and experimental zones also showed significant conservation proportion and efficacy besides the core zone. Our research highlighted the necessity to optimize the existing reserve system by filling the conservation gaps, restructuring the functional zones and safeguarding the potential refuge habitats for those endangered ungulates in face of climate change.