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Breeding synchrony and extrapair fertilizations in two populations of red-winged blackbirds
Authors:Westneat  David F; Gray  Elizabeth M
Institution:aCenter for Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior, T. H. Morgan School of Biological Sciences, 101 Morgan Building, University of Kentucky Lexington, KY 40506-0225, USA bEnvironmental and Resource Sciences/186 University of Nevada-Reno 1000 Valley Road, Reno, NV 89512-0013, USA
Abstract:We tested the relationship between synchrony of breeding andthe frequency of extrapair fertilizations (EPFs) in two populationsof red-winged blackbirds known to differ in female extrapairbehavior. We found no association between the number of simultaneouslyfertilizable females (temporal neighbors) and EPF rate in eitherpopulation, although a significant difference between populationsin the direction of this relationship (positive where femalesinitiated extrapair copulations and negative where males initiatedthem) suggested a modest difference in the influence of synchrony.Males losing offspring to EPFs tended to have more fertilizablefemales at that time than the actual sires in some analysesbut not in others. We also tested several assumptions underlyingtwo competing hypotheses for the effects of synchrony. We foundno evidence that females pursued extrapair copulations moreoften when other females were synchronous. Rather, females weremore likely to gain EFFs with exirapatr males whose social mateswere not yet building their nests. Synchrony also did not consistentlyaffect male pursuit of exirapair copulations or achievementof EPFs. These results suggest that timing of breeding has someeffects on extrapair activity, but that those effects are bothrelatively weak and influenced by other factors that vary betweenyears or populations.
Keywords:Agelaius phoeniceus  breeding synchrony  extrapair copulation  extrapair fertilization  red-winged blackbirds  
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