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Novel ecosystems: theoretical and management aspects of the new ecological world order
Authors:Richard J Hobbs  Salvatore Arico  James Aronson  Jill S Baron  Peter Bridgewater  Viki A Cramer  Paul R Epstein  John J Ewel  Carlos A Klink  Ariel E Lugo  David Norton  Dennis Ojima  David M Richardson  Eric W Sanderson  Fernando Valladares  Montserrat Vilà  Regino Zamora  Martin Zobel
Institution:School of Environmental Science, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA 6150, Australia,;UNESCO, Division of Ecological Sciences and Man and the Biosphere Programme, rue Miollis, 75732, Paris Cedex 15, France,;CEFE/CNRS, 1919 Route de Mende, F34293 Montpellier Cedex, France,;Natural Resources Ecology Laboratory, Colarado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523–1499, USA,;Ramsar Convention on Wetlands, Rue Mauverney 28, Gland, CH-1196, Switzerland,;Center for Health and the Global Environment, Harvard Medical School, 333 Longwood Ave, Suite 640, Boston, Massachussetts 02115, USA,;USDA Forest Service, Institute of Pacific Islands Forestry, 1151 Punchbowl Street, Room 323, Honolulu, Hawaii 96813, USA,;Departmento de Ecologia, Universidade de Brazilia, C.P. 04457, Campus Universitario Darcy Ribeiro, Asa Norte-Brazilia DF 70919–970, Brazil,;USDA Forest Service, International Institute of Tropical Forestry, Ceiba 1201, Jardin Botanico Sur Rio Piedras, Puerto Rico 00926–1119,;School of Forestry, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch, New Zealand,;Centre for Invasion Biology, Department of Botany and Zoology, University of Stellenbosch, Matieland 7602, South Africa,;Wildilfe Conservation Society, 2300 Southern Boulevard, Bronx, New York 10460–1099, USA,;Centro de Ciencias Medioambientales, CSIC, Serrano 115 dpdo, 28006 Madrid, Spain,;Center for Ecological Research and Forestry Applications, Universitat Autonomia de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain,;Departamento Biología Animal y Ecología, Universidad de Granada, Avda/Fuentenueva, s/n, 18071 Granada, Spain, and;Institute of Botany and Ecology, University of Tartu, 40 Lai Street, Tartu, 51005 Estonia
Abstract:We explore the issues relevant to those types of ecosystems containing new combinations of species that arise through human action, environmental change, and the impacts of the deliberate and inadvertent introduction of species from other regions. Novel ecosystems (also termed 'emerging ecosystems') result when species occur in combinations and relative abundances that have not occurred previously within a given biome. Key characteristics are novelty, in the form of new species combinations and the potential for changes in ecosystem functioning, and human agency, in that these ecosystems are the result of deliberate or inadvertent human action. As more of the Earth becomes transformed by human actions, novel ecosystems increase in importance, but are relatively little studied. Either the degradation or invasion of native or 'wild' ecosystems or the abandonment of intensively managed systems can result in the formation of these novel systems. Important considerations are whether these new systems are persistent and what values they may have. It is likely that it may be very difficult or costly to return such systems to their previous state, and hence consideration needs to be given to developing appropriate management goals and approaches.
Keywords:Biological invasions  degradation  ecosystem transformation  land abandonment  novel ecosystem
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