Multigenerational maternal inhibition of prepupal diapause in two Trichogramma species (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) |
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| Institution: | 1. Ecological Chemistry Group, Department of Chemistry, Royal Institute of Technology (KTH), 100 44 Stockholm, Sweden;2. Department of Ecology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), 750 07 Uppsala, Sweden;1. College of Geography and Environmental Planning, University of Sistan and Baluchestan, Zahedan, Iran;2. Department of Plant Protection, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Iran;1. Forest Research Centre (CEF), School of Agriculture, University of Lisbon, 1349-017 Lisbon, Portugal;2. Department of Biological Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH 03755, USA;1. Institute of Systematics and Evolution of Animals Polish Academy of Sciences, S?awkowska 17, 31-016 Kraków, Poland;2. Università degli Studi di Milano, Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie e Ambientali, Via Celoria 2, 20133 Milan, Italy;3. Museum of Natural History, University of Wroc?aw, Sienkiewicza 21, 50-335 Wroc?aw, Poland |
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| Abstract: | It is known that in some insect species the incidence of diapause among the progeny of females that had undergone diapause is relatively low or zero even under strong diapause-inducing conditions. Moreover, the maternal inhibition, preventing the induction of a maladaptive diapause in spring, can persist over several generations. This multigenerational effect based on hypothetical ‘interval timer’ was thoroughly studied in Aphididae. We first described a similar phenomenon in Hymenoptera: laboratory experiments demonstrated that the proportion of diapausing progeny of Trichogramma females that had undergone diapause was practically zero independently of photoperiodic and temperature conditions used (day lengths of 12 and 18 h and temperatures of 12–15 °C). Then the ability to enter diapause recovered gradually and returned to the normal level over two (in Trichogramma telengai) or even five (in Trichogramma principium) generations. We conclude that the observed effect may be based on an interval timer similar to that in aphids. |
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| Keywords: | Diapause Maternal effect Interval timer Photoperiod |
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